Abstract: The present invention provides for a method and apparatus for automatically lining a container having at least one open end. A bag-type liner having a leading sealed, and a trailing unsealed, end is fed along a predetermined liner path, with the trailing unsealed end suspended above the container. A plurality of clamps grab the sides of the bag at the unsealed end and separate the unsealed end by pulling the sides apart. A vacuum is then activated to draw air out of the container through the bottom of the container, drawing the wall of the liner material against the interior surface of the container, thereby fully opening the liner in the container. If the container has two oppositely facing open ends, a vent can be positioned under one of the open ends for drawing air out from the container. If the container has only one open end, a plurality of vacuum tubes can be inserted into the bottom of the container along the interior surface of the container for drawing air out of the bottom of the container.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a method and apparatus for automatically lining a container having at least one open end. A bag-type liner having a sealed and unsealed end is suspended in the container with the sealed end down. A plurality of clamps grab the sides of the bag and open the unsealed end by pulling the sides apart. Air is then withdrawn from between the liner and container thereby expanding the liner in the container. If the container has two oppositely facing open ends, a vent can be positioned under one of the open ends for drawing air out from the container. If the container has only one open end, a plurality of vacuum robes can be inserted at the four corners of the container between the liner and the container for drawing air out from between the liner and container.

Abstract: N,N-Dimethylaminomethane diphosphonic acid is produced in an advantageous, simple, and economical manner and in a high yield by reacting dimethylformamide, phosphorous acid, and phosporus oxychloride.

Abstract: A preparation for inhibiting scale formation in aqueous media with a high threshold activity is prepared by condensation of 2 moles of a mixture of acetic acid anhydride and an acetylhalide in the proportion of 0.2:1.8 to 1.8:0.2 with 0.6 moles to 1 mole crotonaldehyde, thereafter with 0.6 moles to 1 mole of acrylic acid, followed by condensation with 0.6 moles to 1 mole of maleic acid anhydride, and finally by oxidation with nitric acid without isolating any of the resulting intermediate products. Said preparation is added in amounts of 10 mg. to 200 mg. to each liter of aqueous medium to exert its scale formation inhibiting, chelating, sequestering, and/or complexing effect.

Abstract: N-acyl-1-amino alkane-1,1-diphosphonic acids or their alkali metal salts are highly effective scale and deposit formation preventing, metal ion complexing, sequestering, and anti-corrosive agents which can be used with great advantage in washing and cleaning fluids and detergent preparations. Such N-acyl-1-amino alkane-1,1-diphosphonic acids are prepared, for instance, by acylating the corresponding 1-amino alkane-1,1-diphosphonic acids or by hydrolyzing the corresponding (1,1-diphosphono alkane) acylamidines.

Abstract: Novel 1,4-bis-formyl cyclohexane polycarboxylic acids have proved of considerable value as agents capable of preventing and inhibiting scale formation in aqueous media. Especially valuable scale formation inhibiting and complexing agents are 1,4-bis-formyl cyclohexane-1,2,3,6-tetracarboxylic acid and 1,4-bis-formyl cyclohexane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid. They are prepared by oxidizing the corresponding bicyclo-(2,2,2)-octene(7) polycarboxylic acid-2,3-anhydrides. The novel nitrogen- and phosphorus-free acids have a surprisingly high threshold effectiveness and can be used in detergent and cleaning solutions in combination with conventional detergents and cleaning agents.

Abstract: Scale formation as well as deposition of incrustations in aqueous systems are prevented by the addition of a monophosphoric acid ester of a hydroxy alkyl urea compound or of salts of such an ester. Preferred esters of this type are the esters obtained by reacting hydroxyl alkyl urea compounds with urea phosphate. The esters are highly effective even when they are added in substoichiometric amounts calculated with respect to the scale and hardness causing compounds present in aqueous systems.

Abstract: N-acyl-1-amino alkane-1,1-diphosphonic acids or their alkali metal salts are highly effective scale and deposit formation preventing, metal ion complexing, sequestering, and anti-corrosive agents which can be used with great advantage in washing and cleaning fluids and detergent preparations. Such N-acyl-1-amino alkane-1,1-diphosphonic acids are prepared, for instance, by acylating the corresponding 1-amino alkane-1,1-diphosphonic acids or by hydrolyzing the corresponding (1,1-diphosphono alkane) acylamidines.

Abstract: Pure, crystalline nitrilo tris-(methylene phosphonic acid) is produced in a high yield by reacting lower aliphatic acid amides with formaldehyde and phosphorus trihalogenide, preferably phosphorus trichloride.

Abstract: Substantially pure amino methylene phosphonic acids, such as ethylene diamine tetra-(methylene phosphonic acid), nitrilo tris-(methylene phosphonic acid), and others are obtained in a high yield by reacting .alpha.-amino mono- or polycarboxylic acids which are substituted at their amino nitrogen atom, or their alkali metal salts with phosphorous acid and/or a phosphorus trihalogenide, preferably phosphorus trichloride in the presence or absence of an inert diluent.