Abstract: For the reliable condensation of steam on condensation nuclei in an aerosol flow and therefore for enlarging the particles in the aerosol, the invention provides a method which is characterized in that condensation nuclei are passed through an inner area of an evaporating zone forming a flow area, the liquid to be evaporated is contacted with the flow area and evaporated therein and the thus produced steam is condensed on the condensation nuclei. the invention also provides an apparatus for condensing steam on condensation nuclei with an inlet for condensation nuclei and an evaporating zone constructed in such a way that a flow area for the condensation nuclei has a heated liquid duct open thereto and that a condensation flue is connected to the flow area. The invention also provides methods and apparatuses for counting particles, for producing monodisperse aerosols using the aforementioned method or the aforementioned apparatus.

Abstract: For the reliable condensation of steam on condensation nuclei in an aerosol flow and therefore for enlarging the particles in the aerosol, the invention provides a method which is characterized in that condensation nuclei are passed through an inner area of an evaporating zone forming a flow area, the liquid to be evaporated is contacted with the flow area and evaporated therein and the thus produced steam is condensed on the condensation nuclei. The invention also provides an apparatus for condensing steam on condensation nuclei with an inlet for condensation nuclei and an evaporating zone constructed in such a way that a flow area for the condensation nuclei has a heated liquid duct open thereto and that a condensation flue is connected to the flow area. The invention also provides methods and apparatuses for counting particles, for producing monodisperse aerosols using the aforementioned method or the aforementioned apparatus.

Abstract: For the reliable condensation of steam on condensation nuclei in an aerosol flow and therefore for enlarging the particles in the aerosol, the invention provides a method which is characterized in that condensation nuclei are passed through an inner area of an evaporating zone forming a flow area, the liquid to be evaporated is contacted with the flow area and evaporated therein and the thus produced steam is condensed on the condensation nuclei. the invention also provides an apparatus for condensing steam on condensation nuclei with an inlet for condensation nuclei and an evaporating zone constructed in such a way that a flow area for the condensation nuclei has a heated liquid duct open thereto and that a condensation flue is connected to the flow area. The invention also provides methods and apparatuses for counting particles, for producing monodisperse aerosols using the aforementioned method or the aforementioned apparatus.

Abstract: For the reliable condensation of steam on condensation nuclei in an aerosol flow and therefore for enlarging the particles in the aerosol, the invention provides a method which is characterized in that condensation nuclei are passed through an inner area of an evaporating zone forming a flow area, the liquid to be evaporated is contacted with the flow area and evaporated therein and the thus produced steam is condensed on the condensation nuclei. The invention also provides an apparatus for condensing steam on condensation nuclei with an inlet for condensation nuclei and an evaporating zone constructed in such a way that a flow area for the condensation nuclei has a heated liquid duct open thereto and that a condensation flue is connected to the flow area. The invention also provides methods and apparatuses for counting particles, for producing monodisperse aerosols using the aforementioned method or the aforementioned apparatus.

Abstract: For the reliable condensation of steam on condensation nuclei in an aerosol flow and therefore for enlarging the particles in the aerosol, the invention provides a method which is characterized in that condensation nuclei are passed through an inner area of an evaporating zone forming a flow area, the liquid to be evaporated is contacted with the flow area and evaporated therein and the thus produced steam is condensed on the condensation nuclei. the invention also provides an apparatus for condensing steam on condensation nuclei with an inlet for condensation nuclei and an evaporating zone constructed in such a way that a flow area for the condensation nuclei has a heated liquid duct open thereto and that a condensation flue is connected to the flow area. The invention also provides methods and apparatuses for counting particles, for producing monodisperse aerosols using the aforementioned method or the aforementioned apparatus.

Abstract: A method for measuring the characteristics of particles in a fluid by detecting electromagnetic radiation scattered on individual particles and an apparatus for performing the method are characterized in that the measurement takes place in structurally separated manner using at least one irradiating device and at least one receiver device in at least one sensor arrangement through which flows a fluid flow containing the particles to be measured, that in the at least one sensor arrangement signal formation takes place of a signal to be received in the receiver device using exclusively optomechanical elements and that signals are transmitted between the at least one sensor arrangement and the at least one irradiating device or the at least one receiver device by means of optical signal transmitters. This makes the apparatus particularly suitable for use in explosion-endangered environments and at difficultly accessible measurement locations, e.g. on chimneys.

Abstract: For the reliable condensation of steam on condensation nuclei in an aerosol flow and therefore for enlarging the particles in the aerosol, the invention provides a method which is characterized in that condensation nuclei are passed through an inner area of an evaporating zone forming a flow area, the liquid to be evaporated is contacted with the flow area and evaporated therein and the thus produced steam is condensed on the condensation nuclei. the invention also provides an apparatus for condensing steam on condensation nuclei with an inlet for condensation nuclei and an evaporating zone constructed in such a way that a flow area for the condensation nuclei has a heated liquid duct open thereto and that a condensation flue is connected to the flow area. The invention also provides methods and apparatuses for counting particles, for producing monodisperse aerosols using the aforementioned method or the aforementioned apparatus.

Abstract: A method for measuring the characteristics of particles in a fluid by detecting electromagnetic radiation scattered on individual particles and an apparatus for performing the method are characterized in that the measurement takes place in structurally separated manner using at least one irradiating device and at least one receiver device in at least one sensor arrangement through which flows a fluid flow containing the particles to be measured, that in the at least one sensor arrangement signal formation takes place of a signal to be received in the receiver device using exclusively optomechanical elements and that signals are transmitted between the at least one sensor arrangement and the at least one irradiating device or the at least one receiver device by means of optical signal transmitters. This makes the apparatus particularly suitable for use in explosion-endangered environments and at difficultly accessible measurement locations, e.g. on chimneys.

Abstract: To increase the dynamic range when testing the particle size distribution of aerosols, the invention proposes a method whereby particles are detected in two measuring volumes connected in series in the measuring channel, whereby in particular the total number of particles flowing through the measuring channel passes through one measuring volume while only a smaller number of particles passes through the other measuring volume. A device appropriate therefor provides for a first measuring volume (MV1) to be located immediately downstream of an inlet nozzle (4) for the aerosol and having a surface perpendicular to the flow direction of the aerosol, said surface corresponding to the surface of the end of the inlet nozzle and for a second measuring volume to be provided downstream of the first measuring volume at a distance therefrom, the cross section of said second measuring volume perpendicular to the flow direction of the aerosol being smaller than the cross section of the measuring channel.

Abstract: For simplifying the optical measurement of a particle flow in a fluid and in particular for eliminating errors, in a device for measuring a particle flow in a fluid with at least one illumination system having a diaphragm and at least one receiver system having a diaphragm, the invention provides for a diaphragm (6a, 11a) to have an aperture (6, 11) with an edge (6b, 11b) constructed convexly towards the interior of the diaphragm aperture (6, 11). According to a method, the particle flow is illuminated and/or observed through a diaphragm aperture with an edge constructed convexly towards its interior and the maximum intensity of the particle flying through a first optical measuring range is measured and account is only taken of the particle if the intensity on flowing through a second measuring range exceeds a specific minimum percentage of the maximum intensity measured for this particle.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a solid aerosol, such as a carbon aerosol, in which aerosol particles are produced by spark discharge via particle-supplying electrodes and the particles are entrained by a gas flow. Electrodes having parallel, adjacent end faces and are prvided with a feed drive moving them synchronously in a direction toward one another.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a solid aerosol from a heap, with a solids container, a feed piston, a rotary brush, an air intake and an outlet passage. To improve the constancy of the particle output the outlet passage has a non-increasing cross-section over a length thereof, with an increasing depth. In addition, in the outlet path of the solid aerosol it is possible to provide a light detector, which is connected by a regulating device to a drive of the piston.

Abstract: A method of operating a constant pressure external combustion piston engine wherein air and liquid coolant are precompressed in one step to a pressure-temperature value at which the coolant is substantially saturated vapor.