Abstract: An LED module comprises a platform having a recession, wherein the recession presents a center section with a bottom and an enlarged section surrounding the center portion. An LED chip is arranged on the bottom of the center section. A bond wire leads from the LED chip to the bottom of the enlarged section in order to contact a first electrode of the LED chip. In one embodiment the bond wire is electrically connected to the back side of the platform by means of a through contact leading from the bottom of the enlarged section through the platform to the backside of the platform. In another embodiment a first conducting path leads from a first electrode of the LED chip across the side wall of the recession to the surface of the platform and from there across a lateral wall of the platform to the back side of the platform.

Abstract: An LED module comprises a platform having a recession, wherein the recession presents a center section with a bottom and an enlarged section surrounding the center portion. An LED chip is arranged on the bottom of the center section. A bond wire leads from the LED chip to the bottom of the enlarged section in order to contact a first electrode of the LED chip. In one embodiment the bond wire is electrically connected to the back side of the platform by means of a through contact leading from the bottom of the enlarged section through the platform to the backside of the platform. In another embodiment a first conducting path leads from a first electrode of the LED chip across the side wall of the recession to the surface of the platform and from there across a lateral wall of the platform to the back side of the platform.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the purification of waste water includes a nano-filteration stage (19) which returns a stream of retained substance (20) in a cycle (15, 16, 17, 18) in order to effect a concentration of the content substances. Concentrate (29) is taken out of the cycle and is introduced into a physical and/or chemical treatment stage. At least a part of the treated concentrate (47) is returned into the cycle of the nano-filtration stage (19).

Abstract: A sealing element, particularly for shut-off and regulating valves, comprising a tabular, piston-shaped or spherical shut-off body of a ceramic material having a hard material layer containing carbon and silicon applied to a sealing surface of the shut-off body by plasma chemical vapor deposition or plasma polymerization, in a coating chamber. The hard material layer comprises a bonding layer component applied to the sealing surface of the shut-off body and a subsequent sliding layer component. The carbon-containing bonding layer component has a first silicon content favoring adhesion to the sealing surface of the shut-off body and the subsequent carbon-containing sliding layer component having a second silicon content lower than that of the bonding layer component to achieve low coefficients of sliding friction and static friction.

Abstract: A sealing element is made up of a shut-off body with a sealing surface; a bonding layer component provided on the sealing surface of the shut-off body and containing silicon and carbon; and a sliding layer component provided on the bonding layer component and containing silicon and carbon. The bonding layer component has a silicon content greater than that of the sliding layer component so that the bonding layer component has more ductile properties than the sliding layer component. The sliding layer component is harder than the bonding layer component. The sliding layer component is thinner than the bonding layer component and less than one um so that the bonding layer component takes up stresses of the sliding layer component without impairing adhesion capability of the bonding layer component to the sealing surface.

Abstract: Biologically purifying sewage which is organically loaded with substances that are difficult to decompose biologically or are not decomposable biologically has the substances that are difficult to decompose biologically or are not decomposable biologically separated and concentrated to concentrate, the concentrate preferably is treated physically and/or chemically and the treated or untreated concentrate is subjected to a biological transformation or, alternatively, the concentrate is separated from the sewage to be purified.

Abstract: A flow-control valve has a housing having a chamber into which opens a port, a ceramic valve plate fixed in the chamber over the port, formed with a throughgoing aperture aligned with the port, and having a substantially planar face, and a ceramic control plate having a substantially planar face lying flatly on the valve-plate face and formed with a throughgoing aperture. The control plate can be pivoted relative to the valve plate about an axis substantially perpendicular to and traversing the surfaces between an open position with the control-plate aperture overlapping the valve-plate aperture and a closed position with the control-plate aperture aligned axially with a portion of the valve-plate face and offset angularly from the valve-plate aperture and with the valve-plate aperture aligned axially with a portion of the control-plate face and offset angularly from the control-plate aperture.

Abstract: A shower head has a body having a wall and forming therewith a pressurizable compartment. This wall has an inner face in the compartment and an outer face and is formed therebetween with an array of throughgoing perforations. Respective flexible tubular extensions are provided on the outer face of the wall at the perforations. These extensions can be deformed to flake off lime formations adhering to the extensions. The extensions can be unitary with the wall, in which case the wall is made of an elastomer, or respective tubular liners in the perforations having outer ends projecting past the outer face can form the respective extensions. In this case each liner can have laterally projecting inner and outer ridges respectively bearing against the inner and outer faces of the wall. Furthermore each liner has a predetermined diameter of between 1 mm and 2 mm, preferably 1.2 mm, and each extension extends beyond the outer face by a distance generally equal to the respective diameter.

Abstract: A valve has a housing forming a compartment traversed by an axis and having a radially opening outlet port and an axially open inlet port, a valve plate fixed in the housing and formed relative to the flow direction with a flat upstream face and with an axially throughgoing valve orifice opening at the face, and a control plate in the housing formed relative to a flow direction through the valve with a flat downstream face riding on the valve-plate face, an axially throughgoing control orifice opening at the face, and an axially open and radially elongated socket on the face adjacent the respective orifice. The control plate is pivotal on the valve plate about the axis for alignment of the orifices and flow through the valve from the inlet port to the outlet port and for misalignment of the orifices for restricted flow from the inlet port to the outlet port.

Abstract: A shut-off valve mechanism for a shut-off and control valve has a generally cylindrical housing with inner and outer annular shoulder against which a valve seat disk is placed to prevent distortion of the valve seat disk. The valve control disk is pressed by spring forces against the valve seat disk from its upstream side and is entrained in rotation by a spindle passing through the inner annular shoulder and the valve seat disk.

Abstract: Production of graphite-hydrogensulfate by dispersing crystalline graphite particles in sulfuric acid, agitating the mixture, adding hydrogen peroxide to the agitated dispersion and continuing agitation until the graphite is converted to graphite-hydrogensulfate. Excess acid is separated and the residual acid in the solid product is removed by washing. The graphite-hydrogensulfate may be heated to transform it into expanded graphite. The method minimizes pollution of the atmosphere with noxious gases and also makes possible ready recovery of unused acid.