Abstract: Neutron soft error rate derivation is calculated from data at the low energy neutron radiation. An outline value of an SEU cross-section function corresponding to a given neutron energy value is outputted. This outline value and the low energy neutron spectrum data are used to calculate an error count basic value of errors to occur over time. An error count actual measurement value over time is calculated from an error count during radiation of low energy neutrons and low energy neutron radiation time. The error count basic value and the error count actual measurement are used to calculate a proportionality coefficient of the SEU cross-section function. While holding a natural neutron spectrum, an error rate calculator outputs a neutron flux corresponding to a neutron energy value. The neutron soft error rate is calculated by an integration operation of multiplying the SEU cross-section function with the natural neuron spectrum.

Abstract: Neutron soft error rate derivation is calculated from data at the low energy neutron radiation. An outline value of an SEU cross-section function corresponding to a given neutron energy value is outputted. This outline value and the low energy neutron spectrum data are used to calculate an error count basic value of errors to occur over time. An error count actual measurement value over time is calculated from an error count during radiation of low energy neutrons and low energy neutron radiation time. The error count basic value and the error count actual measurement are used to calculate a proportionality coefficient of the SEU cross-section function. While holding a natural neutron spectrum, an error rate calculator outputs a neutron flux corresponding to a neutron energy value. The neutron soft error rate is calculated by an integration operation of multiplying the SEU cross-section function with the natural neuron spectrum.

Abstract: A luminaire according to one embodiment includes a DC power supply circuit, a switching power supply, and a lighting load. The DC power supply circuit converts an AC voltage controlled in phase to a DC voltage. The switching power supply is connected to the DC power supply circuit, and is controlled so that an input current becomes a constant current. The lighting load is connected as a load circuit of the switching power supply.

Abstract: A luminaire according to one embodiment includes a DC power supply circuit, a switching power supply, and a lighting load. The DC power supply circuit converts an AC voltage controlled in phase to a DC voltage. The switching power supply is connected to the DC power supply circuit, and is controlled so that an input current becomes a constant current. The lighting load is connected as a load circuit of the switching power supply.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of a DC power supply feeding system, the system includes a DC voltage power supply that outputs a specified voltage by using a commercial AC power supply, a varying voltage power supply that generates power by using natural energy and outputs a varying voltage, and a reverse flow preventing elements that connects the DC voltage power supply and the varying voltage power supply in parallel while output sides are made to have same polarity, and supplies powers obtained from the DC voltage power supply and the varying voltage power supply to a load. When an amount of power generation of the varying voltage power supply is small, the power is intermittently supplied to the load.

Abstract: The invention provides novel processes for preparing efficiently compounds of general formula (1) (wherein R1 and R2 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C14 hydrocarbyl bearing alicyclic skeleton, or the like) and initermediates thereof. Compounds of general formula (I) can be prepared by subjecting compounds of general formula (II) and/or salts thereof to cyclization hydrolysis in an aqueous basic solution. Further, compounds of general formula (II) can be prepared from industrially easily available diaminomaleonitrile in a high yield.

Abstract: A rectification device rectifies an input voltage from an AC power source. First and second switching devices are arranged between a pair of output terminals of the rectification device and alternately turned on/off. A series circuit of a first capacitor and an inductor is arranged between the two terminals of one of the first and second switching devices so as to perform a smoothing operation with respect to the frequency of an output from the rectification device. A second capacitor serves to form a resonance circuit in cooperation with the inductor in accordance with the ON/OFF operations of the first and second switching devices. The capacitance of the second capacitor is smaller than that of the first capacitor.

Abstract: A compound having the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents halogen or methyl;R.sub.2 represents hydrogen or halogen;each of R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 represents halogen; andeach of X and Y represents oxygen or sulfur.The compound is useful as insecticide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for producing 3-chloro-1-formyl-4-phenylpyrroles having the general formula [I] as a useful fungicidal agent in agriculture and horticulture which is manufactured from the starting material of 3-phenyl-2,2,4-trichlorobutanal having the general formula [IV] as set forth in the following reaction formulae:By means of obtaining a pyrroline derivative having the general formula [III] as the intermediate compound, its production operation is greatly simplified and its yield rate is raised in comparison with the conventional processes. ##STR1## where X denotes the same or different kinds of substituent(s) being chosen from the group consisting of halo, nitro, and trifluoromethyl and n denotes zero or an integer of 1 or 2.