Abstract: A DRAM refresh circuit and refresh method, and a proof-of-work chip. The DRAM refresh circuit comprises a row address recording unit, which is configured to record a row that has been accessed in a DRAM within the current refresh cycle; a refresh driving unit, which is configured to be called to perform a refresh operation; and a refresh control unit, which is configured to call, when the refresh control unit is triggered to perform refreshing and according to a record in the row address recording unit, the refresh driving unit to refresh a row that is not accessed in the DRAM within the current refresh cycle.

Abstract: A proof-of-work operation method, a proof-of-work chip, and an upper computer. The proof-of-work chip comprises: a central control unit, which is configured to receive DAG data sent by an upper computer, an external DAG processing unit, which is configured to store the DAG data in a storage unit; the storage unit, which is configured to store the DAG data; and a calculation unit, which is configured to perform a proof-of-work operation according to the stored DAG data.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method and circuit for accessing a write data path of an on-chip storage control unit. The method includes: transmitting, by the write data path interface, the write address and the write data to an address conversion unit; transmitting, by the address conversion unit, a target address and the write data to a plurality of storage control units, and determining, by the address conversion unit, a target storage control unit; obtaining, by the address conversion unit, a feedback signal of the target storage control unit, and transmitting, by the address conversion unit, the feedback signal to the target controller; and storing the write data.

Abstract: A data transmission method includes: obtaining a target data packet to be stored, the target data packet including an address of the target data packet; determining, from predetermined N parallel-to-serial units based on the address of the target data packet, a target parallel-to-serial unit corresponding to the target data packet, the N parallel-to-serial units being connected to N storage control units in one-to-one correspondence; and transmitting, by the target parallel-to-serial unit, the target data packet to a target storage control unit, and storing, by the target storage control unit, the target data packet in a corresponding storage unit. The target storage control unit is a storage control unit, connected to the target parallel-to-serial unit, of the N storage control units. The target parallel-to-serial unit is configured to divide the target data packet into a plurality of data sub-packets.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to a case of a portable electronic device and a vehicle apparatus having the case. A bottom shell of the case of a portable electronic device has engaging portions disposed on a first lateral surface and a second lateral surface respectively, such that the portable electronic device can be alternatively combined to the vehicle holder of the vehicle apparatus by the engaging portion on the first lateral surface or by the engaging portion on the second lateral surface. Thus, it has both a right-handed operation mode and a left-handed operation mode. Thereby, users can choose different operation modes according to their needs and it is more user friendly.

Abstract: The present invention provides apparatus, kits and methods for assaying analytes using photoelectrochemical molecules as labels. Specifically, the present invention provides a method for assaying an analyte, comprising: a) contacting a sample suspected of containing an analyte with a reactant capable of binding and/or reacting with the analyte under suitable conditions to allow binding of analyte, if present in the sample, to the reactant; and b) assessing binding and/or reacting between the analyte and the reactant to determine presence and/or amount of analyte in the sample, wherein the reactant, analyte, or additional reactant or additional analyte or analyte analog is labeled with a photoelectrochemically active molecule.

Abstract: The present invention provides apparatus, kits and methods for assaying analytes using photoelectrochemical molecules as labels. Specifically, the present invention provides a method for assaying an analyte, comprising: a) contacting a sample suspected of containing an analyte with a reactant capable of binding and/or reacting with the analyte under suitable conditions to allow binding of analyte, if present in the sample, to the reactant; and b) assessing binding and/or reacting between the analyte and the reactant to determine presence and/or amount of analyte in the sample, wherein the reactant, analyte, or additional reactant or additional analyte or analyte analog is labeled with a photoelectrochemically active molecule.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to the field of electrochemistry. In particular, the invention provides a method for assaying an analyte, using, inter alia, a reactant capable of binding and/or reacting with an analyte to be analyzed on an oxide electrode and a reducing agent not capable of being oxidized directly by said electrode to generate reduced electrochemically active molecule that participates in oxidation-reduction reactions repeatedly to generate an amplified electrochemical signal to determine presence and/or amount of said analyte in said sample.