Abstract: A charging member includes: an electrically conductive base; an elastic layer disposed on the electrically conductive base; and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. A PFVTF value of a surface of the surface layer is 1.5 or less. The PFVTF value is obtained by Fourier transforming a roughness curve of the surface of the surface layer that is measured in a circumferential direction to thereby obtain amplitude intensities at different periods, multiplying the amplitude intensities at different periods by VTF coefficients at respective periods that are obtained from a visual characteristic VTFL* (f=period) for lightness L* represented by Formula (V) below to thereby obtain corrected amplitude intensities at different periods, and integrating the corrected amplitude intensities in a period range of from 100 ?m to 1000 ?m inclusive: VTFL*(f)=5.05×(e(?0.843×1×f)?e(?1.454×1×f)).

Abstract: A charging member includes: an electrically conductive base; an elastic layer disposed on the electrically conductive base; and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. A PFVTF value of a surface of the surface layer is 1.5 or less. The PFVTF value is obtained by Fourier transforming a roughness curve of the surface of the surface layer that is measured in a circumferential direction to thereby obtain amplitude intensities at different periods, multiplying the amplitude intensities at different periods by VTF coefficients at respective periods that are obtained from a visual characteristic VTFL* (f=period) for lightness L* represented by Formula (V) below to thereby obtain corrected amplitude intensities at different periods, and integrating the corrected amplitude intensities in a period range of from 100 ?m to 1000 ?m inclusive: VTFL*(f)=5.05×(e(?0.843×1×f)?e(?1.

Abstract: A cleaning body includes a core, and a foam elastic layer that is disposed by winding a strip-shaped foam elastic member around an outer peripheral surface of the core in a helical shape from one end to the other end of the core, in which the foam elastic layer has cells and a cell skeleton that is a partition wall present between the cells, the cell skeleton has a tip portion protruding on a contact surface of the foam elastic layer with a body to be cleaned, and a diameter of the tip portion is equal to or less than 50 ?m, and in the cells, a ratio Dy/Dx of an average cell diameter Dy in a radial direction of the core to an average cell diameter Dx in a width direction of the foam elastic layer is equal to or greater than 1.2 and equal to or less than 2.1.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a conductive agent and has a sea-island structure including a sea containing a first resin and islands containing a second resin. The area occupancy of the islands in a cross section of the surface layer is 10% or more and 50% or less.

Abstract: A charging member of a contact charging system that applies only a direct-current voltage to the charging member includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. When measured by an alternating-current impedance method within a range of 1 MHz to 1 mHz in an environment at a temperature of 28° C. and a humidity of 85%, a resistance component R of an impedance within a range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz is 4.0×104 ? or more and 1.0×106 ? or less and an impedance Z within a range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz is over 3.6×104 ? and 3.5×105 ? or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a conductive agent and has a sea-island structure including a sea containing a first resin and islands containing a second resin. The area occupancy of the islands in a cross section of the surface layer is 10% or more and 50% or less.

Abstract: A charging member of a contact charging system that applies only a direct-current voltage to the charging member includes a conductive substrate, an elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. When measured by an alternating-current impedance method within a range of 1 MHz to 1 mHz in an environment at a temperature of 28° C. and a humidity of 85%, a resistance component R of an impedance within a range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz is 4.0×104? or more and 1.0×106? or less and an impedance Z within a range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz is over 3.6×104? and 3.5×105? or less.

Abstract: A cleaning body includes a core, a foam elastic layer that is disposed to be wound around an outer peripheral surface of the core in a helical shape from one end to the other end of the core, and an adhesive layer that adheres the core and the foam elastic layer, in which a diameter of a tip portion of a cell skeleton protruding on a surface of the foam elastic layer is equal to or less than 50 ?m, and in a case where an inner peripheral length of the foam elastic layer in a cross section of the core in a radial direction is X (mm) and a thickness of the foam elastic layer is Y (mm), a value of X×Y2 is equal to or greater than 45.

Abstract: A cleaning body includes a core and a foamed elastic layer spirally wound around an outer circumferential surface of the core from one end of the core to the other end. An end portion of a cell skeleton protruding from a surface of the foamed elastic layer has an equivalent circle diameter of 50 ?m or less. The foamed elastic layer has a spiral pitch R2 of 5 mm or less and a spiral angle ? of 15° or less.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging roller and a cleaning roller that includes a core and a foamed elastic layer disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the core and that rotates in contact with a surface of the charging roller. The number of ends of a cell skeleton that protrude from a surface of the foamed elastic layer is 25 ends/mm2 or more and 50 ends/mm2 or less. The cleaning roller is disposed in contact with the charging roller such that the compression ratio of the foamed elastic layer is 30% or less. The compression ratio is represented by Equation (1): compression ratio (%)=(r1/2+r2/2?d)/t1×100??Equation (1): where r1 is the outer diameter (mm) of the cleaning roller, r2 is the outer diameter (mm) of the charging roller, d is the interaxial distance (mm) between the charging roller and the cleaning roller, and t1 is the thickness (mm) of the foamed elastic layer of the cleaning roller.

Abstract: A charging device includes: a charging member that charges an image holding member according to a contact charging method, and includes a conductive substrate and a surface layer provided on the conductive substrate; and a clean member that cleans the charging member while contacting the charging member, and includes a shaft and a foamed elastic layer provided on the shaft, wherein a ratio of a distance between irregularities in an axial direction of the surface layer in the charging member (Sm) to a width of a nodal section of a foam cell wall surface protruding from a surface of the foamed elastic layer in the clean member (W) satisfies 2.4?Sm/W?5.9.

Abstract: A charging device includes: a charging member that charges an image holding member according to a contact charging method, and includes a conductive substrate and a surface layer provided on the conductive substrate; and a clean member that cleans the charging member while contacting the charging member, and includes a shaft and a foamed elastic layer provided on the shaft, wherein a ratio of a distance between irregularities in an axial direction of the surface layer in the charging member (Sm) to a width of a nodal section of a foam cell wall surface protruding from a surface of the foamed elastic layer in the clean member (W) satisfies 2.4?Sm/W?5.9.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member that includes a conductive elastic layer and a conductive surface layer disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the conductive elastic layer and a cleaning member that includes a support and a foamed elastic layer disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the support and having a higher surface free energy than the conductive surface layer of the charging member and that rotates in contact with the conductive surface layer of the charging member.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes a shaft, and a foamed elastic layer that is disposed on an outer surface of the shaft and in which a relationship between a stress Pw generated by 70% compression deformation and a stress Ps generated by 10% compression deformation satisfies Pw/Ps?6.

Abstract: A cleaning body includes a shaft and an elastic layer disposed by being spirally wound around an outer circumferential surface of the shaft from one end to the other end of the shaft, wherein a relationship between line roughness of a protruding portion formed at an end portion of the elastic layer in a width direction (RaE) and line roughness of a center portion of the elastic layer in the width direction (RaV) satisfies 5?RaE/RaV.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes a shaft, and a foamed elastic layer that is disposed on an outer surface of the shaft and in which a relationship between a stress Pw generated by 70% compression deformation and a stress Ps generated by 10% compression deformation satisfies Pw/Ps?6.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes a core and first and second foamed elastic layers wound around an outer peripheral surface of the core in a double-helical pattern. The compressive stress F1 of the first foamed elastic layer is greater than the compressive stress F2 of the second foamed elastic layer. The cleaning member cleans a member to be cleaned with the first and second foamed elastic layers in contact with a surface of the member to be cleaned.

Abstract: A cleaning member includes a core and first and second foamed elastic layers wound around an outer peripheral surface of the core in a double-helical pattern. The compressive stress F1 of the first foamed elastic layer is greater than the compressive stress F2 of the second foamed elastic layer. The cleaning member cleans a member to be cleaned with the first and second foamed elastic layers in contact with a surface of the member to be cleaned.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member that charges a member to be charged and a cleaning member that is disposed in contact with a surface of the charging member and that cleans the surface of the charging member. The cleaning member includes a core and two foamed elastic layers disposed adjacent to each other in an axial direction around an outer peripheral surface of the core from one end to another end of the core in a substantially double-helical pattern. The two foamed elastic layers are a first foamed elastic layer having an average skeleton size D1 smaller than an average spacing Sm between irregularities in the surface of the charging member and a second foamed elastic layer having an average skeleton size D2 larger than or equal to the average spacing Sm between the irregularities in the surface of the charging member.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member that charges a member to be charged and a cleaning member that is disposed in contact with a surface of the charging member and that cleans the surface of the charging member. The cleaning member includes a core and two foamed elastic layers disposed adjacent to each other in an axial direction around an outer peripheral surface of the core from one end to another end of the core in a substantially double-helical pattern. The two foamed elastic layers are a first foamed elastic layer having an average skeleton size D1 smaller than an average spacing Sm between irregularities in the surface of the charging member and a second foamed elastic layer having an average skeleton size D2 larger than or equal to the average spacing Sm between the irregularities in the surface of the charging member.