Abstract: In a method to avoid bucking oscillations during acceleration of vehicles the throttle valve position is influenced, in which, for conversion of engine torque trend between the lower torque initial value and an upper torque target value, the trend of the throttle valve position is changed between an initial closed position corresponding to the torque initial value and a target opening position corresponding to the torque target value. To prevent bucking oscillations reliably without adversely affecting the acceleration behavior and exhaust behavior, the trend of the throttle valve position adjacent to the initial closed position has a local maximum that opens the throttle valve and a local minimum that closes the throttle valve between the local maximum and the target opening position.

Abstract: In an analysis system including as light sources an incandescent lamp and a blue light emitting diode, the light of the two sources is combined and directed through filters and a test tube with material to be examined to a photodiode array spectrometer. The filters are so selected that they counteract the intensity drop of the incandescent lamp and the sensitivity decrease of the photodiode array of the spectrometer at short wave lengths.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dual-beam spectrometer in which a measuring beam, after passage through a measuring cell, and a reference beam each travel through an entrance slit into a spectrometer. Both beams are spectrally separated by means of an optical grating. The spectrometer is intended to operate with a single photodiode array. According to the invention, the two entrance slits, the center of the grating and the measuring and reference spectra lie in one plane; both spectra are recorded on a single detector array, with the spectrum of the measuring beam of the +1 order directly following the spectrum of the reference beam of the -1 order.

Abstract: A method for spectroscopically measuring a concentration of component gases in a gas mixture, wherein at least one component gas A has an absorption line spectrum and wherein the concentration of the gas A in the gas mixture exceeds the concentration of other component gases of the gas mixture to such an extent that measurement of the concentration of the other component gases would normally be interfered with by the gas A.