Abstract: Extracting a displacement component includes: receiving a received signal resulting from an optical signal being scattered by the plurality of particles in the fluid, the received signal comprising a displacement component; mixing the received signal with a local oscillator signal to generate a mixed signal; detecting the mixed signal via a set of one or more detectors and generating a set of one or more electrical signals based on the detection; demodulating the set of one or more electrical signals to obtain the displacement component; and outputting the displacement component.

Abstract: A spatial light modulator comprises a plate of non-ferroelectric PLZT ceramic. An array of pixels is formed by depositing a reflecting coating in the desired array on one side of the plate. A longitudinal electric field is applied so that the light entering the plate from the side opposite the reflecting coating experiences a polarization-independent refractive index change when the electric field is applied as it propagates parallel to the electric field. The required voltages may be decreased when a partially reflecting coating is deposited on the side opposite the reflecting coating. Grooves in the plate effectively isolate the pixels from electrical and mechanical crosstalk.

Abstract: Apparatus, and a corresponding method for its use, for producing a phased array of high-energy laser beams from multiple laser amplifiers. A reference beam produced by a master oscillator senses phase and piston errors in a primary mirror array, and is divided into multiple probe beams, each of which makes multiple passes of its own laser amplifier. The multiple probe beams are together focused into a single phase conjugation cell, which not only produces phase-conjugated reflected beams, to effect compensation for various phase aberrations, but also locks all of the reflected beams together in phase. An arrangement of a birefringent wedge and a quaterwave plate for each of the beams prevents the reflected beams from returning to the master oscillator and facilitates combining of the reflected beams for output as a cophasal array.