Abstract: Compositions and methods can use a combination of an autophagy inducer, such as spermidine, and high protein for induction of autophagy in an individual in need thereof. Preferably, a formulation containing a combination of an autophagy inducer and high protein is administered to the individual in an amount effective to induce autophagy, for example in muscle. The formulation can concomitantly promote protein synthesis and removal of damaged cellular materials. The recipient of administration can be a critically ill patient, for example a patient in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and/or an ageing patient, for example an elderly individual or an individual with sarcopenia.

Abstract: A method of potentiating musculoskeletal effect of one or more anabolic amino acids in an individual in need thereof can include administering to the individual in need thereof a composition containing the one or more anabolic amino acids, the composition also containing one or more autophagy-inducing compounds in a total amount effective for the composition to be at least neutral regarding autophagy. In another aspect, a method of overcoming one or more negative effects of one or more anabolic amino acids by preventing degenerative processes related to loss of autophagy can include administering to an individual in need thereof a composition containing the one or more anabolic amino acids, the composition further containing the one or more autophagy-inducing compounds in a total amount effective for the composition to be at least neutral regarding autophagy.

Abstract: A method of potentiating musculoskeletal effect of one or more anabolic amino acids in an individual in need thereof can include administering to the individual in need thereof a composition containing the one or more anabolic amino acids, the composition also containing one or more autophagy-inducing amino acids in a total amount effective for the composition to be at least neutral regarding autophagy. In another aspect, a method of overcoming one or more negative effects of one or more anabolic amino acids by preventing degenerative processes related to loss of autophagy can include administering to an individual in need thereof a composition containing the one or more anabolic amino acids, the composition further containing the one or more autophagy-inducing amino acids in a total amount effective for the composition to be at least neutral regarding autophagy.

Abstract: Compositions and methods can use a combination of thymol and/or carvacrol, optionally with high protein for induction of autophagy in an individual in need thereof. Preferably, a formulation containing a combination of thymol and/or carvacrol, optionally with protein is administered to the individual in an amount effective to induce autophagy, for example in muscle. The formulation can concomitantly promote protein synthesis and removal of damaged cellular materials.

Abstract: A method of improving and/or enhancing at least one of bone mineralization, bone strength, bone mass, and bone mineral density in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the individual a composition comprising one or more anabolic amino acids, and the composition further comprising one or more autophagy-inducing compounds. In one embodiment, the one or more autophagy-inducing compounds are selected from the group consisting of thymol, carvacrol, spermidine, urolithin (e.g., Urolithin A, B or D), rapamycin, Torin1, valproic acid, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol), caffeine, metformin, 5? AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, L-type calcium channel inhibitors, ketones (e.g. beta-hydroxybutyrate, ketone salts, or ketone ester derivatives), 4,4?-dimethoxychalcone and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Compositions and methods can use a combination of an autophagy inducer, such as spermidine, and high protein for induction of autophagy in an individual in need thereof. Preferably, a formulation containing a combination of an autophagy inducer and high protein is administered to the individual in an amount effective to induce autophagy, for example in muscle. The formulation can concomitantly promote protein synthesis and removal of damaged cellular materials. The recipient of administration can be a critically ill patient, for example a patient in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and/or an ageing patient, for example an elderly individual or an individual with sarcopenia.

Abstract: Compositions and methods can use high protein for induction of autophagy in an individual in need thereof. Preferably, a formulation containing protein in an amount effective to induce autophagy, for example in muscle, is administered to the individual. The formulation can concomitantly promote protein synthesis and removal of damaged cellular materials. The recipient of administration can be a critically ill patient, for example a patient in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and/or an ageing patient, for example an elderly individual or an individual with sarcopenia.