Abstract: A method of treating or preventing overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria in a subject deficient in butyrate and/or butyrate-producing bacteria in their gut microbiota by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a butyrate-producing bacteria to the subject is described. A prebiotic can be included with the butyrate-producing bacteria. Overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria is commonly caused by antibiotic administration.

Abstract: A method of treating or preventing overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria in a subject deficient in butyrate and/or butyrate-producing bacteria in their gut microbiota by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a butyrate-producing bacteria to the subject is described. A prebiotic can be included with the butyrate-producing bacteria. Overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria is commonly caused by antibiotic administration.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions containing an effective amount of a ligand for GPR109 to decrease intracellular cAMP levels of a subject in combination with an effective amount of a DNA methyl transferase inhibito to reduce or inhibit downregulation of GPR109 in the intestinal epithelial cells of the subject relative to a control are provided. It has been discovered that ligands for GPR109 can be used to treat one or more symptoms of cancer, inflammatory disorders, and diarrhea. Representative CPR109 ligands include, but are not limited to butyrate, ?-hydroxybutyrate, nicotinic acid, acifran, and octanoate. Suitable DNA methyl transferase inhibitors include 5-azacytidine, 5-aza-2?-deoxytidine, 1-?-D-arabinfarnosyl-5-azacytosine and dihydro-5-azacytidine. Typically, the compositions are formulated to achieve a GPR109 ligand serum blood level of about 1 to about 1000 ?M. The compositions are useful for the treatment of one or more symptoms of cancer.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions containing an effective amount of a ligand for GPR109 to decrease intracellular cAMP levels of a subject in combination with an effective amount of a DNA methyl transferase inhibito to reduce or inhibit downregulation of GPR109 in the intestinal epithelial cells of the subject relative to a control are provided. It has been discovered that ligands for GPR109 can be used to treat one or more symptoms of cancer, inflammatory disorders, and diarrhea. Representative CPR 109 ligands include, but are not limited to butyrate, ?-hydroxybutyrate, nicotinic acid, acifran, and octanoate. Suitable DNA methyl transferase inhibitors include 5-azacytidine, 5-aza-2?-deoxytidine, 1-?-D-arabinf?mosyl-5-azacytosine and dihydro-5-azacytidine. Typically, the compositions are formulated to achieve a GPR 109 ligand serum blood level of about 1 to about 1000 ?M. The compositions are useful for the treatment of one or more symptoms of cancer.