Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing a bodily fluid sample of a user, the apparatus has an analysis circuitry comprising at least a coupling reference-electrode (RE), a coupling control-electrode (CE), and a plurality of coupling working-electrodes (WEs) for electrically coupling to a RE, a CE, and a plurality of WEs of the electrochemical-sensor structure for analyzing one or more biomarkers in the bodily fluid sample, and an output for outputting an analytical result of said analysis of the identified one or more biomarkers in the bodily fluid sample. At least one of the coupling WEs is for electrically coupling to at least one of the WEs of the electrochemical-sensor structure that is oversaturated with one or more capture ligands.

Abstract: An electrochemical-sensor structure having a substrate and a nanostmctured-sensing surface that receives a volume of a sample fluid. A sample region of the electrochemical-sensor structure for receiving the sample fluid volume is sized such that the volume of the fluid is sufficient to operatively cover a portion of the sample region of the electrochemical-sensor structure including the nanostructured-sensing surface. The electrochemical-sensor structure is connectable to a portable point-of-care (PoC) device. The PoC device may detect the energy properties of the sample fluid from the sample region of the electrochemical-sensor structure, to produce a signal comprising a fluid reading wherein the fluid reading is related to the energy properties of a biomarker in the sample fluid thereby indicating the presence, the absence, or the quantity of the biomarker in the sample fluid.