Abstract: A conductive contact structure of a solar cell is provided, includes a substrate; a semiconductor region; and an electrode. The semiconductor region is disposed on or in the substrate. The electrode is disposed in the semiconductor region. The electrode includes a seed layer in contact with the semiconductor region. The seed layer includes an alloy material, and includes a main component and an improved component. The main component is one or more metals having an average refractive index lower than 2 and a wavelength in a range of 850-1200 nm, and the improved component includes any one or more of Mo, Ni, Ti, W, Cr, Mn, Pd, Bi, Nb, Ta, Pa, Si, and V.

Abstract: A metal suboxide having a specific surface area of greater than or equal to about 1.5 m2/g is prepared by preparing a metal suboxide precursor, and heat-treating the metal suboxide precursor.

Abstract: An electrode catalyst for a fuel cell, a membrane electrode assembly including the electrode catalyst, and a fuel cell including the electrode catalyst. The electrode catalyst has excellent electrochemical activity compared to the currently commercially available Pt/C catalyst and is much cheaper than a catalyst using platinum. The electrode catalyst includes tungsten carbide having a specific surface area of about 10 to about 30 m2/g, and a metal catalyst comprising palladium (Pd) or palladium alloy.

Abstract: A metal suboxide having a specific surface area of greater than or equal to about 1.5 m2/g is prepared by preparing a metal suboxide precursor, and heat-treating the metal suboxide precursor.

Abstract: A metal suboxide having a specific surface area of greater than or equal to about 1.5 m2/g is prepared by preparing a metal suboxide precursor, and heat-treating the metal suboxide precursor.

Abstract: Methods and systems for managing construction projects are provided. The methods and systems can be based on component-associated data where components can be assigned identifiers, drawings, cost codes, and man-hour values according to industry standards. Components can be grouped, sorted, searched and accessed through a database (a component library). Project schedules and work packages can be formed based on components and their associated data through a planning system. The schedule can be altered at the component level by adding or removing components, or stretching or shrinking the schedule. Constraints can be used to restrict a schedule or work package from being released until the constraints are satisfied. Once released, schedules can be updated to track construction progress of the project underway through a tracking system. Reports can be generated to reflect productivity of construction crews or individuals and track progress of the project.

Abstract: A metal suboxide having a specific surface area of greater than or equal to about 1.5 m2/g is prepared by preparing a metal suboxide precursor, and heat-treating the metal suboxide precursor.

Abstract: An electrode catalyst for a fuel cell, a membrane electrode assembly including the electrode catalyst, and a fuel cell including the electrode catalyst. The electrode catalyst has excellent electrochemical activity compared to the currently commercially available Pt/C catalyst and is much cheaper than a catalyst using platinum. The electrode catalyst includes tungsten carbide having a specific surface area of about 10 to about 30 m2/g, and a metal catalyst comprising palladium (Pd) or palladium alloy.

Abstract: An electrode catalyst for a fuel cell having comparable electrochemical activity as a platinum electrode catalyst but is much cheaper than the platinum electrode catalyst has a structure in which palladium and at least one metal catalyst selected from the group consisting of nickel, gold, iron, and silver, and combinations thereof, are supported on a tungsten carbide and carbon mesoporous composite support. A membrane electrode assembly and a fuel cell including the electrode catalyst also has comparable electrochemical activity as a platinum electrode catalyst but is also much cheaper than the platinum electrode catalyst.

Abstract: A method of using a hand-held device to produce an encryption/decryption application program for protecting information stored in a computer system by transmitting the produced encryption/decryption application program to the computer system through a communication measure subject to a corresponding communication protocol, permitting the encryption/decryption application program to be cleared from the computer system after the communication between the hand-held device and the computer system has been terminated.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a high coupling ratio flash memory includes the steps of forming a field oxide region and a gate oxide layer on the substrate; forming a silicon nitride layer on the gate oxide layer and defining a channel region under the gate oxide layer; forming two N.sup.- shallow doping regions beside the channel region; forming a tunnel layer on the surface of each N.sup.- shallow doping region; forming two insulator side wall layers respectively attached to two vertical sides of the silicon nitride layer and the gate oxide layer, with a portion of the tunnel oxide layer being covered by the two silicon nitride layers; removing a portion of the tunnel layer and leaving two very short tunnel oxide layers respectively covered by the two silicon nitride layers; forming a thick oxide layer on N.sup.