Abstract: A ceramic particulate matter sensor to measure particulate matter within an exhaust stream. The particulate matter sensor includes a high voltage electrode on a first conductive layer and a detection electrode on a second conductive layer within a stack of ceramic layers. The stack of ceramic layers is bonded as a single rigid structure. The detection electrode generates a measurement of particulate matter within an exhaust stream. The particulate matter sensor also includes an insulating material positioned adjacent to the second conductive layer to insulate the detection electrode from another conductive layer within the stack of ceramic layers. The particulate matter sensor also includes an electrical heater to burn off an accumulation of contaminating particulate matter from at least one electrode of the high voltage and detection electrodes. The particulate matter sensor also includes means for substantially preventing electrical leakage through the insulating material to the second conductive layer.

Abstract: Microfluidic channels utilizing magnetohydrodynamics are used to pump very small volumes of solution. The channels have electrodes along the walls and a current carrying species within a solution carries current through the solution. The combination of the electric and magnetic fields causes the solution to flow through the channel.

Abstract: Microfluidic channels utilizing magnetohydrodynamics are used to pump very small volumes of solution. The channels have electrodes along the walls and a current carrying species within a solution carries current through the solution. The combination of the electric and magnetic fields causes the solution to flow through the channel.