Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the preparation of a chiral cyclic carbamate of formula and/or mirror image, and/or a salt thereof, from the corresponding o-aminobenzyl alcohol and/or salts thereof.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the preparation of cyclic carbamates of formula and/or a salt thereof, from the corresponding o-aminobenzyl alcohol and/or a salt thereof.

Abstract: A method for maintaining a human hookworm strain is provided by infecting a non-human primate with a non-adapted or non-passaged human hookworm and maintaining the non-human primate. Methods of obtaining human hookworm materials and compositions, such as for use as a vaccine, are also provided, along with a model for maintaining and investigating human hookworm.

Abstract: An ocular display apparatus (10) having image presentation means adapted to display a first image (17) to one eye only of a subject, and a second, different, image (18) to the subject's other eye only, the first and second images being presented to the subject so that they perceive a composite image, wherein at least one of their first or second images includes a moving object.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2-substituted 5-chloroimidazole-4-carbaldehydes of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a benzyl group or a phenyl group. The imidazole compounds are important starting products for the preparation of hypotensive pharmaceuticals or herbicides.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2-substituted 5-chloroimidazole-4-carbaldehydes of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a benzl group or a phenyl group. The imidazole compounds are important starting products for the preparation of hypotensive pharmaceuticals or herbicides.

Abstract: 2-Substituted 5-chlorimidazoles of the general formula: ##STR1## are new intermediate products for the production of antihyperintensive pharmaceutical agents or of herbicidal compounds. A process for the production of these intermediate products as well as a new process for the further reaction of 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazoles of general formula I, wherein R.sub.

Abstract: A process for preparing 2-substituted 5-chloroimidazole-4-carbaldehydes of the general formula: ##STR1## In the process, a glycine ester hydrohalide is ring-closed with an imidate ester to obtain the intermediate 2-substituted 3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-one. This intermediate is converted with an N,N-substituted formamide acetel into an N,N-substituted aminomethyleneimidazolinone. This latter intermediate is chlorinated with phosphorus oxychloride or phosgene to obtain the final product 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazole-4-carbaldehydes of the general formula I.Also disclosed are N,N-substituted aminomethyleneimidazolinones of the general formula: ##STR2## wherein R is hydrogen or is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an arylalkyl group or an aryl group, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are identical or different and each is an alkyl group or an aryl group, in the form of the E- or Z-isomer.

Abstract: The 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazoles of general formula: ##STR1## are new intermediate products for the production of antihypertensive pharmaceutical agents or of herbicidal compounds. A process for the production of these intermediate products as well as a new process for the further reaction of 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazoles of general formula I, wherein R.sub.

Abstract: A process for preparing 2-substituted 5-chloroimidazole-4-carbaldehydes of the general formula: ##STR1## In the process, a glycine ester hydrohalide is ring-closed with an imidate ester to obtain the intermediate 2-substituted 3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-one. This intermediate is converted with an N,N-substituted formamide acetal into an N,N-substituted aminomethyleneimidazolinone. This latter intermediate is chlorinated with phosphorus oxychloride or phosgene to obtain the final product 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazole-4-carbaldehydes of the general formula I.Also disclosed are N,N-substituted aminomethyleneimidazolinones of the general formula: ##STR2## wherein R is hydrogen or is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an arylalkyl group or an aryl group, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are identical or different and each is an alkyl group or an aryl group, in the form of the E- or Z-isomer.

Abstract: The 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazoles of general formula: ##STR1## are new intermediate products for the production of antihypertensive pharmaceutical agents or of herbicidal compounds. A process for the production of these intermediate products as well as a new process for the further reaction of 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazoles of general formula I, wherein R.sub.

Abstract: Process for the production of 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazole-4-carbaldehydes of general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, benzyl, or phenyl. These compounds form valuable intermediate products for the production of antihypertensive pharmaceutical agents or herbicidal compounds.

Abstract: A process for the production of 2-substituted 5-chlorimidazole-4-carbaldehydes of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, an alkyl group, and alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, a benzyl group, a phenyl group or an aryl group. These compounds form important intermediate products for the production of antihypertensive pharmaceutical agents or herbicidal compounds.

Abstract: .beta.,.gamma.-unsaturated .delta.-lactams, especially 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one, are produced by Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-dienes with sulfonyl cyanides and subsequent hydrolysis. The sulfonyl cyanides were formed in situ from cyanogen chloride and the corresponding sulfinates. By the renewed reaction of the sulfinate formed in the hydrolysis of the Diels-Alder adducts with cyanogen chloride, the sulfonyl cyanides are regenerated and a catalytic cyclic process results. The 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one is a starting compound in the synthesis of antiviral nucleoside analogs.

Abstract: 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one is produced by Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene and methanesulfonyl cyanide and then hydrolytic cleavage of the methanesulfonyl group.

Abstract: A process for the production of 1-(N-methanesulfonyl-N-methylaminosulfonyl)-3-(2-pyrimidyl) urea derivatives (MMSPH). In the process, methanesulfonylmethylamine (MMSA) is first converted with chlorosulfonylisocyanata (CSI) into a 1-methanesulfonyl-1-methyl-3- (N-methanesulfonyl-N-methylaminosulfonyl) urea derivative (MMMSH) and then the MMMSH is converted with a 2-aminopyridine into the end product.

Abstract: A process for the production of 1-(N-methanesulfonyl-N-methylaminosulfonyl)-3-(2-pyrimidyl) urea derivatives (MMSPH). In the process, methanesulfonylmethylamine (MMSA) is first converted with chlorosulfonylisocyanate (CSI) into a 1-methanesulfonyl-1-methyl-3-(N-methanesulfonyl-N-methylaminosulfonyl) urea derivative (MMMSH) and then the MMMSH is converted with a 2-aminopyridine into the end product.

Abstract: 2-Aza-4-(alkoxycarbonyl)spiro[4,5]-decan-3-one and a process for the production of it, starting either from cyclohexylidene malonic acid esters or cyclohexylidene cyanoalkylates. Process of using the product for the production of 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexane acetic acid.

Abstract: 2-Aza-4-(alkoxycarbonyl)spiro[4,5]-decan-3-one and a process for the production of it, starting either from cyclohexylidene malonic acid esters or cyclohexylidene cyanoalkylates. The cyclohexylidene malonic acid ester is reacted with hydrocyanic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of alkali cyanide or with a stoichiometric amount of alkali cyanide, in an alcohol, and subsequently treated with an acid. The resultant (1-cyanocyclohexyl) malonic acid dialkyl ester is converted by catalytic hydrogenation into the product. The cyclohexylidene cyanoalkylate is reacted with a stoichiometric amount of alkali cyanide, in an alcohol or with hydrocyanic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of an alkali cyanide. The resultant (1-cyanocyclohexyl)-cyanoacetic acid alkyl ester is reacted in an alcohol in an acid to provide (1-cyanocyclohexyl) malonic acid dialkyl ester. The later ester is converted by catalytic hydrogenation into the product.