Abstract: Biomarkers, methods, devices, reagents, systems, and kits used to assess an individual for the prediction of risk of developing a primary or secondary Cardiovascular (CV) event over a 4 year period are provided.

Abstract: A method for downsampling class-imbalanced sets with survival analysis comprising: acquiring a class-imbalanced data set, wherein the class-imbalanced data set comprises biological data from a plurality of subjects, wherein the biological data of each subject includes an observation, a time value, and a plurality of clinical measurements, and wherein the biological data is categorized as being part of a majority data class or a minority data class, wherein the majority data class has a greater number of observations than the minority data class; downsampling the class-imbalanced data set, wherein the downsampling results in the majority data class having an equivalent or substantially equivalent number of observations as the minority data class; and performing cross-validation on the downsampled data set with a survival analysis to generate a survival model, wherein the observation comprises an event or no event at a specific time value.