Abstract: An elongated, generally vertically extending cocurrent reactor vessel for the production of hypochlorous acid by the mixing and reaction of a liquid alkali metal hydroxide and a gaseous halogen is provided wherein an atomizer is mounted near the top of the reactor vessel to atomize the liquid alkali metal hydroxide into droplets in the vessel. The vessel has a spraying and reaction zone immediately beneath the atomizer and a drying zone beneath the spraying and reaction zone to produce a gaseous hypochlorous acid and a substantially dry solid salt by-product.

Abstract: An elongated, generally vertically extending cocurrent reactor vessel for the production of hypochlorous acid by the mixing and reaction of a liquid alkali metal hydroxide and a gaseous halogen is provided wherein a nozzle is mounted near the top of the reactor vessel beneath the gas injector to spray the liquid alkali metal hydroxide in droplets so that the halogen gas can be absorbed into the surface of the droplets simultaneously with water evaporation in the vessel. The vessel has a spraying and reaction zone immediately beneath the atomizer and a drying zone beneath the spraying and reaction zone.

Abstract: A method of using an elongated, generally vertically extending cocurrent reactor vessel for the production of hypochlorous acid by the mixing and reaction of a liquid alkali metal hydroxide and a gaseous halogen is provided wherein an atomizer is mounted near the top of the reactor vessel to atomize the liquid alkali metal hydroxide into droplets in the vessel. The vessel has a spraying and reaction zone immediately beneath the atomizer and a drying zone beneath the spraying and reaction zone to produce a gaseous hypochlorous acid and a substantially dry solid salt by-product.

Abstract: Apparatus for the separation of a solid salt by-product from the product gaseous hypohalogenated acid of a reactor is disclosed which is effective to separate particles ranging in size from about 0.5 to about 50 microns. The reactor mixes an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide and a gaseous halogen to produce the hypohalogenated acid product and solid salt by-product which are discharged from the reactor into the separation apparatus.

Abstract: An elongated, generally vertically extending reactor vessel for the production of hypochlorous acid by the mixing and reaction of a liquid alkali metal hydroxide and a gaseous halogen is provided with solids discharge handling apparatus connected to the bottom to remove the solid by-product. The discharge handling apparatus uses the solids to effect a seal to prevent the intrusion of outside air into the reactor and the escape of halogen and product gas to the outside atmosphere.

Abstract: A calcium hypochlorite composition consists essentially of at least 75 percent by weight of Ca(OCl).sub.2, from about 6 to about 14 percent by weight of water, and less than 1.5 percent by weight of an alkali metal chloride. The novel composition provides increased amounts of sanitizing and disinfecting to, for example, water bodies while remaining safe with respect to thermal decomposition. Further, the composition reduces the rate of chlorine evolution during storage.

Abstract: A process for producing hypochlorous acid by reacting an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide in droplet form with gaseous chlorine to produce hypochlorous acid vapor and solid alkali metal chloride particles in which the improvement comprises employing molar ratios of gaseous chlorine to the alkali metal hydroxide of at least about 22:1.The process achieves high yields of hypochlorous acid by minimizing side reactions including the formation of chlorate as an impurity in the alkali metal chloride particles produced.The hypochlorous acid solution produced contains from about 35 to about 60 percent by weight of HOCl, a dissolved chlorine concentration of less than about 2 percent by weight, and is substantially free of alkali metal ions and chloride ions.

Abstract: The cell voltage of an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment separated from a cathode compartment, the cathode compartment containing an alkaline catholyte solution is reduced in a method which comprises introducing into the cathode compartment a compound of a heavy metal selected from Groups IVB, VB, and VIB and an alkylene polyamino complex with cobalt or iron. The method results in significant cell voltage reductions in electrolytic cells employing as separators porous diaphragms or ion exchange membranes.

Abstract: A filter press membrane electrolytic cell having at least one cathode and one anode sandwiched about a permselective ion exchange membrane which employs a cathode having a first layer and a second layer cooperative with the membrane such that the voltage cofficient during operation at current densities greater than 4.0 kiloamperes per square meter is less than about 0.20 volts per kiloampere per square meter.

Abstract: A process for removing dissolved halogen gas and oxyhalide ions from an aqueous alkali metal halide solution containing them which comprises reacting said aqueous alkali metal halide solution with an inorganic peroxide, and adjusting the pH of said aqueous alkali metal halide solution to a pH within the range from about 6 to about 11 with an inorganic base, whereby a purified alkali metal halide solution of reduced concentration of said dissolved halogen gas and oxyhalide ions is produced.

Abstract: Current efficiency in an electrolytic membrane cell for the production of concentrated potassium hydroxide is considerably increased by employing in the electrolytic membrane cell a membrane selected from a group consisting of an amine modified perfluorosulfonic acid membrane such as a primary amine, diamine, or polyamine modified perfluorosulfonic acid membrane, and a laminated perfluorosulfonic acid acid membrane, and a laminated perfluorosulfonic acid membrane comprised of at least two unmodified perfluorosulfonic acid membranes of different thickness and different equivalent weight.

Abstract: Improved current efficiency is obtained in an electrolytic membrane cell for the production of potassium hydroxide by employing in combination:(a) a membrane comprised of a carboxylic acid substituted polymer prepared by reacting a fluorinated olefin with a comonomer having a functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid and a functional group which can be converted to carboxylic acid;(b) a potassium chloride brine feed through the anolyte chamber of the cell having a concentration in the range from about 250 to about 300 grams of potassium chloride per liter;(c) a cell operating temperature in the range from about 90.degree. to about 100.degree. C.