Abstract: The present disclosure, in some embodiments, describes a system for classifying members of a collection of texts into clusters to generate merged data collections. A member text can range from a single document to the contents of a column in a database table. The classification may indicate and/or provide an estimation as to which documents or columns are most closely similar to each other, without making any assertion about the actual contents of the document or column. In some embodiments, a system may include counting some characteristic of the text. The characteristic may be chosen such that each text produces a set of counts. A statistical measure is then applied to determine the similarity of sets of counts associated with each pair of texts.

Abstract: The present disclosure, in some embodiments, describes a system for classifying members of a collection of texts into clusters to generate merged data collections. A member text can range from a single document to the contents of a column in a database table. The classification may indicate and/or provide an estimation as to which documents or columns are most closely similar to each other, without making any assertion about the actual contents of the document or column. In some embodiments, a system may include counting some characteristic of the text. The characteristic may be chosen such that each text produces a set of counts. A statistical measure is then applied to determine the similarity of sets of counts associated with each pair of texts.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for transforming an SQL query having a WHERE clause having nested SELECT expressions. The expression in the WHERE clause being transformed by the iterative application of rules to have ThereExists expressions and associated truth-value expressions. Further transforming the expression to form a truth expression having the IS operator and iteratively applying further rules to translate 3-valued logic to z-valued logic. Carrying out a further transformation to remove NOT expressions from the expression and to remove any ThereExists expressions so as to define an expression in z-valued logic with simplified SELECT expressions.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for transforming an SQL query comprising a WHERE clause having nested SELECT expressions. The expression in the WHERE clause being transformed by the iterative application of rules to comprise ThereExists expressions and associated truth-value expressions. Further transforming the expression to form a truth expression having the IS operator and iteratively applying further rules to translate 3-valued logic to 2-valued logic. Carrying out a further transformation to remove NOT expressions from the expression and to remove any ThereExists expressions so as to define an expression in 2-valued logic with simplified SELECT expressions.