Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for performing at least one operation using data in a preferred data layout, while preserving the ability to access the data in an original data layout. The preferred data layout may be independent of the original data layout. The preferred data layout may be selected based on at least one of a characteristic of the data, a characteristic of the computing environment or computing device(s) implementing the computing environment, a characteristic of the at least one operation, or historical performance data. The data may be rearranged or permuted into the preferred layout. A mapping may be determined between the preferred layout and the original layout. During performance of the at least one operation using the data in the preferred layout, another operation may use the mapping to access the data in the original layout.

Abstract: A method for modeling a set of observed data comprises selecting a reference model and an alternative model as possible descriptions of the set of observed data, and storing an index function for measuring fit of models to data. The method further includes performing, by one or more processors, a simulated threshold-fitting for a first of the two models, deriving an initial simulated index for the second model for fitting the second model to the simulated data, and deriving an initial boundary for simulated index difference including calculating a difference between the threshold-fit simulated index for the first model and the initial simulated index for the second model. The method further includes determining, based on a comparison, whether to update a counter used in calculating a simulated p-value, and selecting, based on the simulated p-value, one of the reference and alternative models for modeling the set of observed data.

Abstract: A method for modeling a set of observed data comprises selecting a reference model and an alternative model as possible descriptions of the set of observed data, and storing an index function for measuring fit of models to data. The method further includes performing, by one or more processors, a simulated threshold-fitting for a first of the two models, deriving an initial simulated index for the second model for fitting the second model to the simulated data, and deriving an initial boundary for simulated index difference including calculating a difference between the threshold-fit simulated index for the first model and the initial simulated index for the second model. The method further includes determining, based on a comparison, whether to update a counter used in calculating a simulated p-value, and selecting, based on the simulated p-value, one of the reference and alternative models for modeling the set of observed data.