Abstract: A method of forming a convertible ink. The method includes: performing a polyol process with a metal salt, a capping agent and a solvent to produce encapsulated nanospheres in a first aqueous solution; reducing the amount of capping agent in the solution. The capping agent can be reduced by: adding solvent soluble with the capping agent and agitating the mixture via centrifugation to form a supernatant and a precipitate that includes the encapsulated nanospheres; removing the supernatant; adding a second solvent to the precipitate to form a second solution; agitating the second solution to form a second supernatant and a precipitate that includes the encapsulated nanospheres; and removing the second supernatant.

Abstract: A method of tuning a circuit includes measuring an electrical characteristic of the circuit and forming, by an automated process, a conductive trace connected to the circuit to adjust the electrical characteristic of the circuit. The steps of measuring the electrical characteristic and forming the conductive trace are conducted simultaneously. The automated process involves adjusting a physical characteristic of the conductive trace in real-time in response to results of measuring the electrical characteristic of the circuit until the electrical characteristic of the circuit complies with a selected criterion.