Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes accessing a digital pathology image that depicts a tissue sample from a subject under a treatment, detecting tertiary lymphoid structures depicted within the digital pathology image of the tissue sample based on a machine-learning model, determining descriptive information associated with the detected tertiary lymphoid structures for the detected tertiary lymphoid structures, wherein the descriptive information comprises at least a maturation state associated with each of the detected tertiary lymphoid structures, and determining an outcome of the subject in response to the treatment based on the detected tertiary lymphoid structures and the descriptive information.