Abstract: A surface treatment tool formed from a thin sheet of flexible material, typically a polymer, shaped to store and dispense fluid, scrub, abrade, scrape off and retain debris, including particulates from treated surfaces, and including an array of closely spaced hollow mushroom-shaped protrusions that store (after a bottom sheet which is not shown is added), and then release fluids during rubbing via perforated faces, and upstanding mushroom shapes carrying soft rubbing faces which have harder scraper edges constituting operable faces with gaps between faces leading into a sunken labyrinth into which loosened debris is scraped up and retained.

Abstract: A surface treatment tool formed from a thin sheet of flexible material, typically a polymer, shaped to store and dispense fluid, scrub, abrade, scrape off and retain debris, including particulates from treated surfaces, and including an array of closely spaced hollow mushroom-shaped protrusions that store (after a bottom sheet which is not shown is added), and then release fluids during rubbing via perforated faces, and upstanding mushroom shapes carrying soft rubbing faces which have harder scraper edges constituting operable faces with gaps between faces leading into a sunken labyrinth into which loosened debris is scraped up and retained.

Abstract: A method involving galling for securing against lateral motion two bodies held in face-to-face asperity contact, thereby to make a join between the two bodies, in which in the preferred form of the method there is inserted into the interface of the surfaces of the two bodies a material that on minimal initial lateral relative motion of the two surfaces promotes rapid but controllable "galling" between the two surfaces, the galling binding the surfaces against further such motion, and the use in such method of electric current during formation of the join to heat and soften the touching asperities, thus enabling them to deform and flatten more rapidly to bring other smaller asperities nearby into contact and thus increase the number of gall sites, and/or use of electric current after formation of the join to effect stimulation and/or acceleration of the formation of diffusion bonds across the opposed faces of the join.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of making what may for convenience be regarded as friction joints--that is to say, joints between the touching surfaces of two parts that are held in contact (by a force as experienced in a light interference, not one sufficient to cause forging) and that would otherwise move laterally past one another parallel to the touching plane, the method involving some minimal initial lateral movement of the two surfaces sufficient to cause some asperity deformation, leading to welding and shearing under special conditions--the phenomenon of "galling"--but not sufficient to raise the bulk temperature of either to a level where bulk welding will occur.