Abstract: A recordable medium includes a recordable structure including a first layer having a reflectivity R1 and a transmissivity T1, a second layer having a transmissivity T2, and a third layer having a reflectivity R3. The second layer is disposed between the first and third layers and has a thickness that is less than a Debye length determined based on a charge density of the second layer. The recordable structure has an overall reflectivity Rsum that is greater than R1+T12*T22*R2.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes a first recordable structure, a second recordable structure, and a spacer layer positioned between the first and second recordable structures. The first recordable structure has a transmissivity with respect to a read beam that increases upon application of a write power to the first recordable structure. The second recordable structure has an optical property that changes upon application of a write power to the second recordable structure.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes a recordable structure having a transmissivity with respect to a read beam that increases upon application of an energy. In some examples, the transmissivity of the recordable structure before and after application of the energy can be greater than 50%. In some examples, the recordable structure can include a first layer and a second layer. In some examples, the first and second layers combine upon application of the energy.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes an inscription layer and at least one contrast inverting layer. The inscription layer has at least a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer that combine upon application of a write power. The inscription layer has a reflectivity R1 with respect to a read beam before application of the write power and a reflectivity R2 after application of the write power, and R1<R2. The at least one contrast inverting layer does not combine with the first and second sub-layers of the inscription layer upon application of the write power. The at least one contrast inverting layer and the inscription layer together have a reflectivity R3 before application of the write power and a reflectivity R4 after application of the write power, and R3>R4.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes an inscription layer and a contrast enhancing layer. The inscription layer has at least two sub-layers that combine upon application of a write power, the inscription layer having a reflectivity R1 before application of the write power and a reflectivity R2 after application of the write power. The contrast enhancing layer does not combine with the sub-layers of the inscription layer upon application of the write power. The contrast enhancing layer and the inscription layer together have a reflectivity R3 before application of the write power and a reflectivity R4 after application of the write power, and |R4?R3|>|R2?R1|.

Abstract: A light source includes a plurality of lighting elements arranged to illuminate different regions of visual perception. Circuitry coupled to the light source is configured to supply power to a first subset of the lighting elements according to a first waveform and to a second subset of the lighting elements according to a second waveform out of phase with the first waveform.

Abstract: A method for efficient lighting includes supplying power to a light source to control the intensity of light emitted from the light source according to an intensity waveform. The amplitude of the waveform over one period is at a high level for a first time interval and at or below a low level for a second time interval. The method includes selecting durations of the first time interval according to a first characteristic of human visual perception and selecting the second time interval according to a second characteristic of human visual perception.

Abstract: An illumination system includes an elongate substrate, a plurality of unlensed light emitting diode (LED) chips mounted on the substrate along the length of the substrate, and a substantially transparent outer packaging for encapsulating the plurality of LED chips.

Abstract: A heat exchange structure includes elongated air ducts. Each air duct has a first opening and a second opening at two ends of the air duct to allow air to enter and exit the air duct, respectively. The heat exchange structure includes an exterior heat exchange surface and interior heat exchange surfaces, in which the exterior heat exchange surface is configured to receive thermal energy from heat generators that are mounted on the exterior heat exchange surface, and the exterior heat exchange surface dissipates a portion of the thermal energy received from the heat generators and transfers another portion of the thermal energy to the interior heat exchange surfaces. The interior heat exchange surfaces are in the elongated air ducts and configured to exchange thermal energy with air flowing in the air ducts, enhancing air flow in the air ducts by buoyancy of heated air.

Abstract: A heat exchange structure includes a plurality of elongated air ducts. The heat exchange structure has an exterior heat exchange surface and interior heat exchange surfaces, the interior surfaces being in the elongated air ducts. The heat exchange structure includes a plurality of heat generators that are distributed on the exterior heat exchange surface along an elongated direction of the air ducts, in which air flowing in the air duct is heated successively by heat from the heat generators, and air flow in the air duct is enhanced by buoyancy of heated air.

Abstract: A heat exchange device that includes a structural section and a thin layer of material attached to a surface of the structural section. The thin layer of material has a thickness less than 100 microns. The combination of the structural section and the thin layer of material has a higher thermal transfer coefficient than the structural section alone, the thermal transfer coefficient representing an ability to exchange thermal energy with an ambient gas.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a first light emitting diode (LED) emitting a first light emission of at least a first wavelength, and a second light emitting diode emitting a second light emission of at least a second wavelength. The second LED is placed in close proximity to the first LED such that after a mixing length from the first and second LEDs, a combination of the first and second lights is perceived as one color in the human vision. In use, the first and second LEDs are alternately driven by a power source in the time domain.

Abstract: A light emitting device firstly includes a light emitting diode (LED) structure, having a top surface with a light emitting region. The device also has a heterojunction within the device structure, the heterojunction having a p-type and an n-type semiconductor layer, and a plurality of electrodes positioned on the top surface, each being electrically connected to one of the p-type and n-type semiconductor layers. At least a first and a second electrodes are connected to a same type semiconductor layer and are physically separated from each other. The device further includes a first and a second heterojunction regions within the heterojunction, each being respectively defined between one of the first and second electrodes and one of the other electrodes connected to the other type semiconductor layer. The first and second heterojunction regions are alternatively driven for emitting lights in the time domain.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes a first recordable structure, a second recordable structure, and a spacer layer positioned between the first and second recordable structures. The first recordable structure has a transmissivity with respect to a read beam that increases upon application of a write power to the first recordable structure. The second recordable structure has an optical property that changes upon application of a write power to the second recordable structure.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes an inscription layer and at least one contrast inverting layer. The inscription layer has at least a first sub-layer and a second sub-layer that combine upon application of a write power. The inscription layer has a reflectivity R1 with respect to a read beam before application of the write power and a reflectivity R2 after application of the write power, and R1<R2. The at least one contrast inverting layer does not combine with the first and second sub-layers of the inscription layer upon application of the write power. The at least one contrast inverting layer and the inscription layer together have a reflectivity R3 before application of the write power and a reflectivity R4 after application of the write power, and R3>R4.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes a recordable structure having a transmissivity with respect to a read beam that increases upon application of an energy. In some examples, the transmissivity of the recordable structure before and after application of the energy can be greater than 50%. In some examples, the recordable structure can include a first layer and a second layer. In some examples, the first and second layers combine upon application of the energy.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes a recordable structure including a first layer having a reflectivity R1 and a transmissivity T1, a second layer having a transmissivity T2, and a third layer having a reflectivity R3. The second layer is disposed between the first and third layers and has a thickness that is less than a Debye length determined based on a charge density of the second layer. The recordable structure has an overall reflectivity Rsum that is greater than R1+T12*T22*R2.

Abstract: A recordable medium includes a recordable structure having a first layer and a second layer in which the first and second layers do not completely overlap, and the first and second layers combine upon application of a write power to cause a change in an optical property of the recordable structure with respect to a read beam. In some examples, at least one of the first and second layers includes discontinuous regions. In some examples, at least one of the first and second layers includes a contiguous region having a shape that forms holes. In some examples, the Debye length of at least one of the first and second layers is less than 5 nm, the Debye length being determined based on a charge carrier density in the layer.

Abstract: This invention relates to a ceramic composite having a ceramic substrate and a ceramic layer disposed on the top surface of the substrate. The layer contains a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized stalagmites, a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized stalactites, a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized columns, or a combination thereof. The invention also relates to a composition for and a method of making the ceramic composite.

Abstract: A method of implanting metallic nanowires or nanotube upon substrate with assistance of an electric field is proposed. The resulting structure having implanted and/or oriented nanowires or nanotubes has excellent electron emission behavior, and thus can be used as the electron field emission source in the application of a field emission display or lighting products.