Abstract: A critical angle lens reflector includes a solid, lens shaped object that is fabricated from a visibly transparent material such as glass, plastic, silicone or epoxy. A surface of the reflector has a geometric profile with a two-dimensional cross section curve in which coordinate points (x,y) on the curve have values defined by the mathematical equation dy/dx=(y?x tan(90??))/(y tan(90??)+x), in which ? is a predetermined incident angle that is chosen to have a magnitude such that light output, from the light source housed within an illumination device, will undergo total internal reflection upon reflection off the interior surface of the lens reflector.

Abstract: A critical angle lens reflector includes a solid, lens shaped object that is fabricated from a visibly transparent material such as glass, plastic, silicone or epoxy. A surface of the reflector has a geometric profile with a two-dimensional cross section curve in which coordinate points (x,y) on the curve have values defined by the mathematical equation dy/dx=(y?x tan(90??))/(y tan(90??))+x), in which ? is a predetermined incident angle that is chosen to have a magnitude such that light output, from the light source housed within an illumination device, will undergo total internal reflection upon reflection off the interior surface of the lens reflector.

Abstract: A liquid density/liquid level meter includes a spring-float system that is coupled with a multiple Hall-sensor configured linear displacement transducer. The spring-float system includes springs that constrain the movement of floats on each end; the spring-float system parameters are mathematically evaluated so as to meet precise performance criteria. The linear displacement transducer includes a magnet and the Hall sensors. The linear displacement transducer and the spring-float system are coupled together within a submerible head unit. When the head unit is immersed in the liquid, the spring-float system moves the magnet, which interacts with the Hall sensors in a lateral slide-by approach that produces an analog voltage that is continuous and linear with respect to the displacement of the magnet. The output from the head unit is communicatively connected to a remote electronic module that contains a signal conditioner with a digital readout.

Abstract: A liquid density/liquid level meter includes a spring-float system that is coupled with a multiple Hall-sensor configured linear displacement transducer. The spring-float system includes springs that constrain the movement of floats on each end; the spring-float system parameters are mathematically evaluated so as to meet precise performance criteria. The linear displacement transducer includes a magnet and the Hall sensors. The linear displacement transducer and the spring-float system are coupled together within a submersible head unit. When the head unit is immersed in the liquid, the spring-float system moves the magnet, which interacts with the Hall sensors in a lateral slide-by approach that produces an analog voltage that is continuous and linear with respect to the displacement of the magnet. The output from the head unit is communicatively connected to a remote electronic module that contains a signal conditioner with a digital readout.