Abstract: A liquid stream (13) and a detector (12) and a computer (11) which operate to observe properties in the composition of the fluid stream and compare detected data from observed samples with standards and in accordance with parameters established by calibration calculate the characteristics of the observed samples.An integral but segmented liquid stream (13) flows through the analysis system (10) to provide liquid segments of observed sample and reagent. A detector (12) scans data from the samples at the interface between these segments and information relating to the composition at the interface is analyzed by a mathematical model that permits comparison of the detected data from successively observed samples with standards and thus determines the characteristics of the samples. The segmented integral liquid stream (13) is fashioned by step pulsing of discrete segments of reagents and samples and transporting the discrete segments to a detector (12).

Abstract: In a chemical analysis system a sample liquid is passed through a non-wetting porous membrane from a reservoir of sample liquid to a flowing stream of diluent which is constantly flowing when the sample liquid penetrates the membrane under positive pressure differential from the sample side of the membrane. The pressure differential is suitably obtained both by means for exerting pressure on the sample liquids as for example on a stream of sample liquid on the entry side of the membrane as well as a reduction in pressure on the exit side of the membrane. The passage of the sample liquid through the non-wetting porous membrane requires a minimum liquid entry pressure differential across the membrane to cause enough penetration to give a sample liquid which provides in an analyzed diluent stream a detectable presence of the sample liquid in an analytical detector receiving and measuring the stream.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for simultaneously generating spatial profiles of moisture, thickness, and basis weight across a moving web of paper in a paper making machine. The apparatus includes a plurality of means for generating first and second beams of coherent microwave radiation and for generating signals proportional to the intensity of radiation applied to, reflected from, and transmitted through the web. The incident, reflectance, and transmittance signals for the two frequencies are used to solve simultaneous equations to generate moisture, thickness, and basis weight values at various positions across the web.

Abstract: The specification discloses an optical technique for retrieving images of geometric shapes from a cluttered background in a photographic record by means of amplitude and phase filters configured according to the particular shape sought to be retrieved. A Fourier transform of the record is filtered with filters of both types and light representing the desired shape, if present, is brought to a focus in an image plane.

Abstract: This disclosure depicts an optical system and method for encoded storage and retrieval, wherein record images are enciphered using incoherent light and wherein deciphering of the coded images is performed in coherent light. More particularly, the disclosure depicts encoding images by inserting a complex phase function in the Fourier transform plane of the imaging means which satisfies the relation:.PHI.(x, y) = .PHI.(-x, -y).To retrieve a decoded image of the original object, the encoded record is illuminated with collimated coherent quasi-monochromatic light and its Fourier transform is formed in a plane in space. A complex phase function equal to the autoconvolution of the coding function is located in the transform plane. The phase-altered distribution in the transform plane is retransformed to produce a decoded image. Exemplary coding and decoding phase function is also depicted.