Abstract: A probe for obtaining a measure of one or more properties in a sample wherein the probe including a support member (2), a transmit antenna (4), a receive antenna (5) and a signal barrier (6). The signal barrier (6) is located between the transmit antenna (4) and the receive antenna (5) in order to force signals traveling between transmit antenna (4) and receive antenna (5) to propagate into the surrounding region. Modification of the microwave signal after it passes through the surrounding region is measured and used to infer one or more properties of the test material.

Abstract: A probe for obtaining a measure of one or more properties in a sample wherein the probe comprises a support member (2), a transmit antenna (4), a receive antenna (5) and a signal barrier (6). The signal barrier (6) is located between the transmit antenna (4) and the receive antenna (5) in order to force signals traveling between transmit antenna (4) and receive antenna (5) to propagate into the surrounding region. Modification of the microwave signal after it passes through the surrounding region is measured and used to infer one or more properties of the test material.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for analysing an amount of at least one component in a sample (21) by measuring a microwave signal (13) that has passed at least partially through the sample (21), the apparatus comprising: a microwave generator that generates a continuous linear sweeping microwave signal varying in frequency, a microwave transmitter (11), a microwave receiver (12), at least one microwave analyser that analyses phase shift and/or change in amplitude of a transmitted and received signal (13), a (40) for determining a depth of the sample (21) and a processor that determines the amount of the component(s) in the sample (21) from the microwave analyser.

Abstract: A core of magnetic material in the shape of a closed loop has three windings thereon. The first winding forms a circuit with a lamp to be monitored. As long as the lamp's filament is intact, whether or not the lamp is energized, this circuit can conduct current. The second winding is connected to a pulse generator to induce variations in the magnetic flux in the core. The third winding detects these variations in flux and a detection circuit connected to the third winding produces an indication if the variations are greater than a predetermined threshold. If the lamp is energized, the current in the first winding causes the core to be saturated with magnetic flux and thus the induced flux variations are below the detection threshold. If the lamp is unenergized, but intact, the current pulses in the second winding induce counter-pulses in the first winding which counteract the effect of the pulses in the second winding and thus the induced flux changes are below the detection threshold.