Abstract: A water treatment system for producing potable water and water for irrigation from saline water, the system includes an electrodialysis apparatus including one or more monovalent selective membranes and having an inlet fluidly connectable to a source of water to be treated, a diluate outlet, and a concentrate outlet, a nanofiltration apparatus positioned downstream of the electrodialysis apparatus and having an inlet fluidly connectable to the diluate outlet of the electrodialysis apparatus, a permeate outlet, and a retentate outlet, and an electrolyzer in fluid communication with one of the concentrate outlet and the retentate outlet, and configured to generate a product stream including one or more of chlorine gas, hypochlorite ion, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or sodium hypochlorite.

Abstract: Methods of producing an ion exchange membrane support are disclosed. The methods include saturating a polymeric microporous substrate with a charged monomer solution comprising at least one functional monomer, a cross-linking agent, and an effective amount of at least one photopolymerization initiator and polymerizing the at least one functional monomer by exposing the saturated polymeric microporous substrate to ultraviolet light under conditions effective to cross-link the at least one functional monomer and produce the ion exchange membrane support. Methods of producing a monovalent selective ion exchange membrane are also disclosed. The methods include functionalizing an exterior surface of the ion exchange membrane support with a charged compound layer, drying the ion exchange membrane support and soaking the ion exchange membrane support in a solution comprising an acid or a base for an amount of time effective to produce the monovalent selective ion exchange membrane.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell including a first chamber having an anode, a second chamber having a cathode, at least one ionic connection between the first chamber and the second chamber, such that liquid electrolyte from the first chamber is prevented from mixing with liquid electrolyte in the second chamber is provided. The first chamber and the second chamber can be arranged in parallel and positioned remotely from each other. An electrochemical system including the electrochemical cell, and first and second sources of saline aqueous solutions is also provided. Water treatment systems are also provided. A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing first and second saline aqueous solutions into first and second chambers of the electrochemical cell, and applying a current across the anode and the cathode to generate first and second products, respectively is also provided. A method of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell is also provided.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing an aqueous solution into the electrochemical cell, applying a current across an anode and a cathode to produce a product, monitoring the voltage, dissolved hydrogen, or a condition of the aqueous solution, and applying the current in a pulsed waveform responsive to one of the measured parameters is disclosed. An electrochemical system including an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode, a source of an aqueous solution having an outlet fluidly connectable to the electrochemical cell, a sensor for measuring a parameter, and a controller configured to cause the anode and the cathode to apply the current in a pulsed waveform responsive to the parameter measurement is disclosed. Methods of suppressing accumulation of hydrogen gas within the electrochemical cell are also disclosed. Methods of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods of treating a waste stream containing perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are disclosed. The methods include directing the waste stream to a dilution compartment of an electrochemical separation device, directing a treatment stream to a concentration compartment of the electrochemical separation device, and applying a voltage across the electrodes to produce a dilute stream substantially free of the PFAS and a concentrate stream. At least one of the waste stream and the treatment stream comprises a water miscible organic solvent. Methods of concentrating PFAS from a wastewater are also disclosed. PFAS concentration systems are also disclosed. The systems include a column comprising an ion exchange resin and an electrochemical separation device having a dilution compartment fluidly connected to an outlet of the column. Methods of facilitating treatment of a waste stream containing PFAS are also disclosed.

Abstract: A water treatment system comprises an actinic radiation reactor, an electrochemical cell configured to produce hydrogen peroxide and having an outlet in fluid communication between a source of electrolyte and the actinic radiation reactor, and a source of oxygen in communication with an inlet of the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A heavy-duty vehicle having a chassis, a front steering axle, and first and second rear axles. The first rear axle may include a first rear axle housing, a first carrier housing, and a second carrier housing and the second rear axle may include a second axle housing, a third carrier housing, and a fourth carrier housing. A first permanent magnet motor may be coupled to the first carrier housing and engaged with a first gearset, and a second permanent magnet motor may be coupled to the second carrier housing and engaged with a second gearset. A first induction motor may be coupled to the third carrier housing and engaged with a third gearset, and a second induction motor may be coupled to the fourth carrier housing and engaged with a fourth gearset.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing an aqueous solution into the electrochemical cell, applying a current across an anode and a cathode to produce a product, monitoring the voltage, dissolved hydrogen, or a condition of the aqueous solution, and reversing polarity of the anode and the cathode responsive to one of the measured parameters is disclosed. An electrochemical system including an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode, a source of an aqueous solution having an outlet fluidly connectable to the electrochemical cell, a sensor for measuring a parameter, and a controller configured to cause the anode and the cathode to reverse polarity responsive to the parameter measurement is disclosed. Methods of suppressing accumulation of hydrogen gas within the electrochemical cell are also disclosed. Methods of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.

Abstract: A monovalent selective ion exchange membrane is disclosed. The membrane includes a polymeric microporous substrate, a cross-linked ion-transferring polymeric layer on a surface of the substrate, and a charged functionalizing layer covalently bound to the ion-transferring layer by an acrylic group. A method of producing a monovalent selective cation exchange membrane is also disclosed. The method may include chemically adsorbing an acrylic intermediate layer comprising a chlorosulfonated methacrylate group to a cross-linked ion-transferring polymeric layer on a surface of a polymeric microporous substrate, aminating the chlorosulfonated methacrylate group to attach an amine group layer, and functionalizing the amine group layer with a charged compound layer to produce the cation exchange membrane.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing an aqueous solution into the electrochemical cell, applying a current across an anode and a cathode to produce a product, monitoring the voltage, dissolved hydrogen, or a condition of the aqueous solution, and reversing polarity of the anode and the cathode responsive to one of the measured parameters is disclosed. An electrochemical system including an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode, a source of an aqueous solution having an outlet fluidly connectable to the electrochemical cell, a sensor for measuring a parameter, and a controller configured to cause the anode and the cathode to reverse polarity responsive to the parameter measurement is disclosed. Methods of suppressing accumulation of hydrogen gas within the electrochemical cell are also disclosed. Methods of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods of producing an ion exchange membrane support are disclosed. The methods include saturating a polymeric microporous substrate with a charged monomer solution comprising at least one functional monomer, a cross-linking agent, and an effective amount of at least one photopolymerization initiator and polymerizing the at least one functional monomer by exposing the saturated polymeric microporous substrate to ultraviolet light under conditions effective to cross-link the at least one functional monomer and produce the ion exchange membrane support. Methods of producing a monovalent selective ion exchange membrane are also disclosed. The methods include functionalizing an exterior surface of the ion exchange membrane support with a charged compound layer, drying the ion exchange membrane support and soaking the ion exchange membrane support in a solution comprising an acid or a base for an amount of time effective to produce the monovalent selective ion exchange membrane.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing an aqueous solution into the electrochemical cell, applying a current across an anode and a cathode to produce a product, monitoring the voltage, dissolved hydrogen, or a condition of the aqueous solution, and applying the current in a pulsed waveform responsive to one of the measured parameters is disclosed. An electrochemical system including an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode, a source of an aqueous solution having an outlet fluidly connectable to the electrochemical cell, a sensor for measuring a parameter, and a controller configured to cause the anode and the cathode to apply the current in a pulsed waveform responsive to the parameter measurement is disclosed. Methods of suppressing accumulation of hydrogen gas within the electrochemical cell are also disclosed. Methods of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell including a first chamber having an anode, a second chamber having a cathode, at least one ionic connection between the first chamber and the second chamber, such that liquid electrolyte from the first chamber is prevented from mixing with liquid electrolyte in the second chamber is provided. The first chamber and the second chamber can be arranged in parallel and positioned remotely from each other. An electrochemical system including the electrochemical cell, and first and second sources of saline aqueous solutions is also provided. Water treatment systems are also provided. A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing first and second saline aqueous solutions into first and second chambers of the electrochemical cell, and applying a current across the anode and the cathode to generate first and second products, respectively is also provided. A method of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides an insecticide formulation, the insecticide formulation comprising a Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) strain; a floating agent and a disintegration agent bound on a substrate. The substrate has a density greater than 1.

Abstract: The present invention provides an extended release insecticide formulation, the formulation comprising: an insecticide on a substrate; a lipophilic wax, wherein the insecticide is incorporated into the wax forming a matrix; a release retarding polymer in the matrix; and a rate extending polymer embed the matrix. Methods of making the formulation and use of the formulation are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides an extended release insecticide formulation, the formulation comprising: an insecticide on a substrate; a lipophilic wax, wherein the insecticide is incorporated into the wax forming a matrix; a release retarding polymer embedded in the matrix; and a rate extending polymer embedded in the matrix. Methods of making the formulation and use of the formulation are also provided.

Abstract: A water treatment system for producing potable water and water for irrigation from saline water, the system includes an electrodialysis apparatus including one or more monovalent selective membranes and having an inlet fluidly connectable to a source of water to be treated, a diluate outlet, and a concentrate outlet, a nanofiltration apparatus positioned downstream of the electrodialysis apparatus and having an inlet fluidly connectable to the diluate outlet of the electrodialysis apparatus, a permeate outlet, and a retentate outlet, and an electrolyzer in fluid communication with one of the concentrate outlet and the retentate outlet, and configured to generate a product stream including one or more of chlorine gas, hypochlorite ion, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or sodium hypochlorite.

Abstract: The present invention provides an extended release insecticide formulation, the formulation comprising: an insecticide on a substrate; a lipophilic wax, wherein the insecticide is incorporated into the wax forming a matrix; a release retarding polymer in the matrix; and a rate extending polymer embed the matrix. Methods of making the formulation and use of the formulation are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides an extended release insecticide formulation, the formulation comprising: an insecticide on a substrate; a lipophilic wax, wherein the insecticide is incorporated into the wax forming a matrix; a release retarding polymer in the matrix; and a rate extending polymer embed the matrix. Methods of making the formulation and use of the formulation are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides an insecticide formulation, the insecticide formulation comprising a Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) strain; a floating agent and a disintegration agent bound on a substrate. The substrate has a density greater than 1.