Abstract: A method and foam formulation are provided for enabling both blast suppressing and decontamination, particularly desirable when faced with an explosive device which has been rigged with a contaminant for destructive dissemination. A formulation is foamed to surround the explosive CB contaminant device, preferably encapsulated in a containment structure. The preferred composition of foamer-compatible decontaminant and foamer to foam and surround the device is about 1% to 3%/w of hydrated chloroisocyanuric acid salts and more including lithium hypochlorite, about 1% of a co-solvent selected from the group consisting of polypropylene glycols, polyethylene glycols, and derivatives and mixtures thereof; about 1% to about 5% of a surfactant and foam stabilizer; and a buffer system to initially maintain said formulation at a pH from about 11.0 to about 8.5 for a minimum of 30 minutes; and the balance being water.

Abstract: A foam generating apparatus can be attached to a water bearing hose and comprises an eductor nozzle to receive water and foam concentrate, and a foam generating nozzle to discharge a foam/water mixture therethrough. A foam concentrate conduit delivers concentrate to a manifold extending peripherally around a suction port of the eductor nozzle, and foam concentrate is drawn into the eductor nozzle to mix with water and to be discharged as a foam/water mixture to the foam generating nozzle. The nozzle has an agitator jet orifice for agitating the mixture, and an air entrainment opening to admit air into the agitated mixture. The agitator jet orifice has inlet and outlet jet openings interconnected in series, the outlet jet opening being larger than the inlet jet opening to provide a diverging passage with at least one step between the inlet and outlet jet openings to agitate the flow.

Abstract: A foam generating apparatus can be attached to a water bearing hose and comprises an eductor nozzle to receive water and foam concentrate, and a foam generating nozzle to discharge a foam/water mixture therethrough. A foam concentrate conduit delivers concentrate to the eductor nozzle and has a concentrate valve to control flow therethrough, e.g. a one-way check valve to prevent water from passing outwardly through the foam concentrate conduit to dilute the concentrate. A delivery manifold communicates the foam concentrate conduit with a suction port of the eductor nozzle and extends peripherally around the suction port to permit foam concentrate to be drawn into the eductor nozzle for discharge therethrough. The foam generating nozzle receives the foam/water mixture and has air entrainment openings to admit air into the mixture and an agitator jet orifice for agitating the mixture located generally adjacent the air entrainment openings.

Abstract: A fracture that conducts fluid within the confines of an underground rock formation without the need for particulate proppant materials to hold opposing fracture faces apart is created by a method in which a long portion of a hole drilled into the formation has its axis slanted with respect to the directions of the principal stresses, and is pressurized rapidly over its entire length with fluid, preferably by detonating an explosive therein.A hypothetical fracture plane is defined as that plane containing the axis of the hole which is under the least compressive normal stress. When the orientation of the hole axis is such that there is a substantial shear stress on the hypothetical fracture plane, but the normal stress thereon does not greatly exceed the minimum principal stress, the fracture created lies close to the hypothetical fracture plane, and is conductive to fluids.