Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and other related reactions. A feed stream comprising an oxygenated hydrocarbon can be reacted in a first HDO reactor to produce an intermediate stream. The intermediate stream can be reacted in a second HDO reactor to produce an HDO product stream. The HDO product stream can be fractionated to produce a first HDO vapor product stream and a first HDO liquid product stream. The feed stream can be heated with the first HDO vapor product stream via a first heat exchanger upstream of the first HDO reactor to an inlet temperature for the HDO reactor at which the oxygenated hydrocarbon is thermally stable. At least part of the first HDO liquid product stream can be recycled to mix with the feed stream upstream of the first heat exchanger.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for producing a regenerated hydrogenation catalyst used for hydrogenating a biomass feedstock. The method can include a regeneration cycle, in which a fouled hydrogenation catalyst is contacted with (a) a first flushing medium comprising water and a gaseous phase comprising oxygen and (b) a second flushing medium comprising water and a gaseous phase comprising at least 90% nitrogen by volume. In particular, multiple regeneration cycles can be used to improve efficiency in removing sulfur-containing impurities from the fouled catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to processes for making a crosslinked cation exchange polymer comprising a fluoro group and an acid group. The process allows the polymer to be efficiently made on a commercial scale, and the polymers are useful to bind potassium in the gastrointestinal tract of a human or animal subject.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a continuous process for preparing a crosslinked polymer comprising a fluoro group.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to powder formulations of a potassium-binding active agent, a suspending agent, and a glidant; optionally, other excipients can be added to the formulations. These formulations can be in a powder form and are useful to bind potassium in the gastrointestinal tract.