Abstract: A network interface device operates in a normal transmit operating mode in which the network interface device continually receives transmission symbols from a link partner via the communication link. The network interface device determines that receive circuitry of the network interface device is to transition to a low power mode in response to receiving a sleep signal from the link partner. The network interface device then operates according to a quiet/refresh cycle of the low power mode to conserve power. The quiet/refresh cycle corresponds to a time schedule that includes a refresh time window in which receive circuitry of the network interface device is to be powered to receive a refresh signal from the link partner Immediately after transmission of the sleep signal, the network interface device transitions to a quiet time window of the time schedule in which the network interface device ignores transmissions from the link partner.

Abstract: An aspect of the invention is directed to a method of communicating data over a network, comprising: generating, by a first node, a frame addressed to a second node; encoding, by the first node, the generated frame by applying forward error correction (FEC) coding on the generated frame in such manner that blocks or removes a predetermined set of forbidden symbols (FS) from the encoded frame; and transmitting, by the first node, the encoded frame to the second node. A second aspect of the invention is directed to a method for communicating data over a mixing segment of an Ethernet network by using node A and node B communicatively connected to the mixing segment.

Abstract: An Ethernet transceiver is disclosed. The Ethernet transceiver includes transceiver circuitry including transmit circuitry, receive circuitry, and adaptive filters. The transceiver circuitry is configurable to operate in one of two low-power modes. A first low-power mode includes update operations for the adaptive filters. A second low-power mode includes turning off at least one of the transmit circuitry and the receive circuitry, and omitting update operations for the adaptive filters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of using dulaglutide for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in patients having moderate to late stage chronic kidney disease.

Abstract: Methods of performing a multi-disturber alien crosstalk limited signal-to-noise ratio test are provided in which at least one signal-to-alien crosstalk noise ratio is determined for a victim link segment using a composite power spectral density for at least a first of a plurality of disturber link segments. The composite power spectral density comprises a combination of portions of a plurality of power spectral densities that are associated with line rates at which the first of the plurality of disturber link segments may operate.

Abstract: A first transceiver operable to establish a connection with a second transceiver over a channel. A receiver of the first transceiver maintains communication parameters for the connection with the second transceiver, and processes signals received over the channel according to the communication parameters. The receiver monitors for idle frames from the second transceiver, and begins running of a first idle period in response to detecting a predetermined number of consecutive idle frames. The receiver, during the first idle period, suspends adaptation of the communication parameters. At an end of the first idle period, the receiver receives a first frame from the second transceiver, selectively adapts the communication parameters based on the first frame, and selectively begins running of a second idle period. A transmitter of the first transceiver suspends transmitting frames to the second transceiver during the first idle period and the second idle period.

Abstract: Methods of performing a multi-disturber alien crosstalk limited signal-to-noise ratio test are provided in which at least one signal-to-alien crosstalk noise ratio is determined for a victim link segment using a composite power spectral density for at least a first of a plurality of disturber link segments. The composite power spectral density comprises a combination of portions of a plurality of power spectral densities that are associated with line rates at which the first of the plurality of disturber link segments may operate.

Abstract: A first transceiver operable to establish a connection with a second transceiver over a channel. A receiver of the first transceiver maintains communication parameters for the connection with the second transceiver, and processes signals received over the channel according to the communication parameters. The receiver monitors for idle frames from the second transceiver, and begins running of a first idle period in response to detecting a predetermined number of consecutive idle frames. The receiver, during the first idle period, suspends adaptation of the communication parameters. At an end of the first idle period, the receiver receives a first frame from the second transceiver, selectively adapts the communication parameters based on the first frame, and selectively begins running of a second idle period. A transmitter of the first transceiver suspends transmitting frames to the second transceiver during the first idle period and the second idle period.

Abstract: To reduce power consumption and heat generation, an active idle system is proposed that monitors for an idle period and then, after a predetermined time, initiates a silent period. During the silent period data and idle frames are not transmitted. During the silent period, one or more transceiver components may be turned off or forced into some other power saving mode. The predetermined time may be any amount of time and is selected to balance network usage and power savings. Periodically during the silent period, such as at predetermined times, one or more sync or idle frames are transmitted. Received sync or idle frames are processed to maintain receiver settings, synchronization or equalizer adaptation. Restoring active data communication may occur by monitoring the channel during silent periods for a request or only during the predetermined times when sync or idle frames are sent.

Abstract: A system includes converters, first modules, second modules, and a multiplexer. The converters receive an analog signal and a respective one of multiple clock signals. Each of the converters samples the analog signal based on a respective clock signal to generate a respective digital signal. Each of the clock signals is out-of-phase with other ones of the clock signals. The first modules receive the digital signals generated by the converters, remove bias offsets from the digital signals to generate first output signals, and output each of the first output signals on a multiple channels. The second modules receive the first output signals, and based on the first output signals, remove or equalize gain mismatch between the channels to generate second output signals. The multiplexer receives the second output signals, and generates an output based on the second output signals. The output is a digital representation of the analog signal.

Abstract: A cancellation system is disclosed for processing incoming and outgoing signals in a transform domain to create a cancellation signal for reducing or removing unwanted interference. Data is ordered based on Good-Thomas indexing into a two dimensional array in a buffer. The two dimensional array may have lr rows and lw columns. From the buffer, the columns of data undergo a Winograd small transform. The rows of data undergo a Cooley-Tukey operation to complete the transform operation into the frequency domain. Multipliers scale the transformed data to generate a cancellation signal in the frequency domain. Inverse (Cooley-Tukey) and Winograd transforms perform inverse processing on the cancellation signal to return the cancellation signal or data to the time domain. Re-ordering the data and combination of the cancellation signal or data with incoming or outgoing signals achieve interference cancellation.

Abstract: A cancellation system is disclosed for processing incoming and outgoing signals in a transform domain to create a cancellation signal for reducing or removing unwanted interference. Data is ordered based on Good-Thomas indexing into a two dimensional array in a buffer. The two dimensional array may have lr rows and lw columns. From the buffer, the columns of data undergo a Winograd small transform. The rows of data undergo a Cooley-Tukey operation to complete the transform operation into the frequency domain. Multipliers scale the transformed data to generate a cancellation signal in the frequency domain. Inverse (Cooley-Tukey) and Winograd transforms perform inverse processing on the cancellation signal to return the cancellation signal or data to the time domain. Re-ordering the data and combination of the cancellation signal or data with incoming or outgoing signals achieve interference cancellation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for compensating for gain offset, bias offset, and skew in a parallel processing environment is disclosed. The method and apparatus may be configured to compensate for mismatches between the sub-channel signals in a parallel ADC. This allows for accurate combination of the signals on the sub-channels. The method and apparatus may be utilized in a high speed data communication system having two or more channels, each of which are interleaved into two or more sub-channels. In one embodiment a DC loop processes signals on two or more sub-channels to account for and remove unwanted bias offset. In one embodiment a sub-channel gain mismatch compensation system (SCGMC) processes signals on two or more sub-channels to account for and remove unwanted gain offset. In one embodiment a skew compensation system, such as a parallel interpolator, processes signals on two or more sub-channels to remove unwanted skew across sub-channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for compensating for gain offset, bias offset, and skew in a parallel processing environment is disclosed. The method and apparatus may be configured to compensate for mismatches between the sub-channel signals in a parallel ADC. This allows for accurate combination of the signals on the sub-channels. The method and apparatus may be utilized in a high speed data communication system having two or more channels, each of which are interleaved into two or more sub-channels. In one embodiment a DC loop processes signals on two or more sub-channels to account for and remove unwanted bias offset. In one embodiment a sub-channel gain mismatch compensation system (SCGMC) processes signals on two or more sub-channels to account for and remove unwanted gain offset. In one embodiment a skew compensation system, such as a parallel interpolator, processes signals on two or more sub-channels to remove unwanted skew across sub-channels.

Abstract: A method for applying a NiAl based bond coat and a diffusion aluminide coating to a metal substrate is disclosed. The method comprises providing a superalloy substrate, the superalloy substrate having an external surface; and optionally cleaning the external surface of the superalloy substrate. The method further comprises coating a portion of the external surface of the superalloy substrate, by physical vapor deposition with a layer of a NiAl based metal alloy, wherein the deposited NiAl based metal alloy includes a controlled amount of about 6 to 25 weight percent aluminum and additionally the deposited aluminum level of the NiAl based metal alloy is controlled to be about 50-100% of its final level after aluminizing to form a coated external portion; and subsequently, simultaneously aluminizing the coated external portion and a different surface of the superalloy substrate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for compensating for gain offset, bias offset, and skew in a parallel processing environment is disclosed. The method and apparatus may be configured to compensate for mismatches between the sub-channel signals in a parallel ADC. This allows for accurate combination of the signals on the sub-channels. The method and apparatus may be utilized in a high speed data communication system having two or more channels, each of which are interleaved into two or more sub-channels. In one embodiment a DC loop processes signals on two or more sub-channels to account for and remove unwanted bias offset. In one embodiment a sub-channel gain mismatch compensation system (SCGMC) processes signals on two or more sub-channels to account for and remove unwanted gain offset. In one embodiment a skew compensation system, such as a parallel interpolator, processes signals on two or more sub-channels to remove unwanted skew across sub-channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing crosstalk in a multi-channel communication system is disclosed. In one embodiment, outgoing signals in a multi-channel environment are manipulated into a transform domain, such as the frequency domain. Thereafter, the signals may be combined and modified based on a weighting variable to create a cancellation signal. Combined processing greatly reduces system complexity and increases processing speed. After processing in the transform domain, the cancellation signal undergoes further processing to return the cancellation signal into the time domain. The cancellation signal may then be combined with received signals to cancel crosstalk or echo. A method and apparatus for crosstalk cancellation in the analog domain and digital domain is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for noise cancellation in a multi-channel communication system is disclosed. In one embodiment this system is configured to cancel FEXT on a victim channel utilizing the signals received on the other channels. The processing benefits gained by a receiver's other filters, such as for example, the FFE and DFE filters, is utilized when generating a FEXT cancellation signal. As a result, the complexity of the apparatus that generates the FEXT cancellation signal may be made less complex since part of the processing burden is performed by other filter apparatus. In one configuration pre-code FEXT cancellation occurs in that a pre-code FEXT filter generates one or more pre-code FEXT cancellation signals corresponding to each of the other channels. The pre-code FEXT cancellation signals are combined, prior to transmission, with the signals associated with each of the other channels, to thereby pre-cancel FEXT prior to transmission.

Abstract: To reduce power consumption and heat generation, an active idle system is proposed that monitors for an idle period and then, after a predetermined time, initiates a silent period. During the silent period data and idle frames are not transmitted. During the silent period, one or more transceiver components may be turned off or forced into some other power saving mode. The predetermined time may be any amount of time and is selected to balance network usage and power savings. Periodically during the silent period, such as at predetermined times, one or more sync or idle frames are transmitted. Received sync or idle frames are processed to maintain receiver settings, synchronization or equalizer adaptation. Restoring active data communication may occur by monitoring the channel during silent periods for a request or only during the predetermined times when sync or idle frames are sent.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for noise cancellation in a multi-channel communication system is disclosed. In one embodiment this system is configured to cancel FEXT on a victim channel utilizing the signals received on the other channels. The processing benefits gained by a receiver's other filters, such as for example, the FFE and DFE filters, is utilized when generating a FEXT cancellation signal. As a result, the complexity of the apparatus that generates the FEXT cancellation signal may be made less complex since part of the processing burden is performed by other filter apparatus. In one configuration pre-code FEXT cancellation occurs in that a pre-code FEXT filter generates one or more pre-code FEXT cancellation signals corresponding to each of the other channels. The pre-code FEXT cancellation signals are combined, prior to transmission, with the signals associated with each of the other channels, to thereby pre-cancel FEXT prior to transmission.