Abstract: An internal-ion gated electrochemical transistor is provided. In some embodiments, the internal-ion gated electrochemical transistor comprises: a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode; a channel formed between the source electrode and the drain electrode, wherein the channel comprises a conducting polymer, wherein the channel serves as a reservoir of positively charged mobile ions; and an ion membrane between the channel and the gate electrode, wherein: in an off state, at least a subset of the positively charged mobile ions are ionically bonded to negatively charged ions of the conducting polymer, and wherein in an on state, at least a subset of the positively charged mobile ions are unbonded from the negatively charged ions of the conducting polymer to induce a current within the channel, and wherein at least one of the off state and the on state is actuated by application of a voltage to the gate electrode.

Abstract: A method for referring to specific content on a web page includes addressing the web page by way of a URL. At least one extra part of the URL contains information on the specific content to be referred to on the web page. When the one extra part of the URL is disregarded, the web page is addressed by way of the URL in that the specific content to be referred to on the web page is disregarded. When the one extra part of the URL is acted upon, the specific content identified by the extra part is highlighted to a user via a browser's generation of the web page based on the extra part of the URL.

Abstract: A method for referring to specific content on a web page includes addressing the web page by way of a URL. At least one extra part of the URL contains information on the specific content to be referred to on the web page. When the one extra part of the URL is disregarded, the web page is addressed by way of the URL in that the specific content to be referred to on the web page is disregarded. When the one extra part of the URL is acted upon, the specific content identified by the extra part is highlighted to a user via a browser's generation of the web page based on the extra part of the URL.

Abstract: A method for referring to specific content on a web page includes addressing the web page by way of a URL. At least one extra part of the URL contains information on the specific content to be referred to on the web page. When the one extra part of the URL is disregarded, the web page is addressed by way of the URL in that the specific content to be referred to on the web page is disregarded. When the one extra part of the URL is acted upon, the specific content identified by the extra part is highlighted to a user via a browser's generation of the web page based on the extra part of the URL.

Abstract: A method for referring to specific content on a web page includes addressing the web page by way of a URL. At least one extra part of the URL contains information on the specific content to be referred to on the web page. When the one extra part of the URL is disregarded, the web page is addressed by way of the URL in that the specific content to be referred to on the web page is disregarded. When the one extra part of the URL is acted upon, the specific content identified by the extra part is highlighted to a user via a browser's generation of the web page based on the extra part of the URL.