Abstract: Apparatus and method for establishing a temperature gradient, comprising at least one gas-tight working space having a first boundary layer that is connected to a first electrode and a second boundary layer that is connected to a second electrode, wherein when an electric voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode in the working space, an electric field can be produced between the first boundary surface and the second boundary surface, and wherein a distance between the first boundary surface and the second boundary surface is less than 5000 nm, wherein the first boundary surface comprises at least one field-enhancement device, in particular a peak, so that if an electric voltage is applied to the electrodes, a field strength of the electric field in a region of the field-enhancement device is greater than an average field strength of the electric field in the working space.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for establishing a temperature gradient, comprising at least one gas-tight working space having a first boundary layer that is connected to a first electrode and a second boundary layer that is connected to a second electrode, wherein when an electric voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode in the working space, an electric field can be produced between the first boundary surface and the second boundary surface, and wherein a distance between the first boundary surface and the second boundary surface is less than 5000 nm, wherein the first boundary surface comprises at least one field-enhancement device, in particular a peak, so that if an electric voltage is applied to the electrodes, a field strength of the electric field in a region of the field-enhancement device is greater than an average field strength of the electric field in the working space.

Abstract: A lighting device for motor vehicles comprising an optical waveguide element (14) that has a light entrance surface (16) and a light exit surface (15) and that has an electric light-emitting layer (19) on at least part of at least one surface of the optical waveguide element. The light-emitting layer is advantageously in the form of an OLED layer.

Abstract: A lighting device for motor vehicles comprising an optical waveguide element (14) that has a light entrance surface (16) and a light exit surface (15) and that has an electric light-emitting layer (19) on at least part of at least one surface of the optical waveguide element. The light-emitting layer is advantageously in the form of an OLED layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for forming a temperature gradient, having at least one gas-tight working chamber (9) having a cathode (8) and an anode (7), wherein an inhomogeneous electric field can be generated when an electric voltage is applied between the cathode (8) and anode (7) in the working chamber (9), as well as a working gas between the cathode (8) and anode (7). According to the invention, a distance between the cathode (8) and anode (7) is less than 5000 nm in order to enable a heat transport from the anode (7) to the cathode (8) with the working gas. The invention further relates to a method for producing a device (1) to form a temperature gradient. The invention also relates to a method for forming a temperature gradient between a cathode (8) and an anode (7) in a working chamber (9) by means of a working gas in the working chamber (9), to which an inhomogeneous electric field is applied.