Abstract: Counter electrodes are used within the context of a flow cell to attract shunt current depositions during operation. The counter electrodes may be electrically connected with an anode of the flow cell to attract the depositions and then electrically connected with a cathode of the flow cell to remove the depositions.

Abstract: Counter electrodes are used within the context of a flow cell to attract shunt current depositions during operation. The counter electrodes may be electrically connected with an anode of the flow cell to attract the depositions and then electrically connected with a cathode of the flow cell to remove the depositions.

Abstract: Counter electrodes are used within the context of a flow cell to attract shunt current depositions during operation. The counter electrodes may be electrically connected with an anode of the flow cell to attract the depositions and then electrically connected with a cathode of the flow cell to remove the depositions.

Abstract: An energy storage system according to the present disclosure includes a cell and an electrolyte supply arrangement for supplying an electrolyte to the cell. The cell has a flow chamber, an electrode and a mixing arrangement positioned in the flow chamber proximate the electrode. The mixing arrangement includes a plurality of ramps that each extend at an angle with respect to the electrode, and each respective ramp defines a void space between the respective ramp and the electrode. Furthermore, the ramps and the void spaces are configured to facilitate mixing of the electrolyte in the flow chamber.

Abstract: Counter electrodes are used within the context of a flow cell to attract shunt current depositions during operation. The counter electrodes may be electrically connected with an anode of the flow cell to attract the depositions and then electrically connected with a cathode of the flow cell to remove the depositions.

Abstract: A method of operating a redox flow battery includes a step of observing a difference in relative volume between the anolyte fluid volume and the catholyte fluid volume. The ionic molality of anolyte fluid is increased if the relative volume of the anolyte fluid decreases. A redox flow battery having balanced anolyte and catholyte initial ionic molalities is also provided.

Abstract: An energy storage system according to the present disclosure includes a cell having an electrode and a deposition facilitating structure proximate the electrode for facilitating deposition of material on the electrode. The deposition facilitating structure includes first and second outer layers and an intermediate support arrangement positioned between the outer layers and connected to the outer layers.

Abstract: The conditions of casting with a permeable mold having a cavity and a runner can be optimized by a computer simulation method of (1) dividing the mold and a cavity thereof into a plurality of elements; (2) providing mold properties, a pressure and a velocity of a melt flowing into the runner as initial data with respect to each element; (3) performing computations in a step-wise manner to determine the movement of a free surface of the melt and a rate of gas flowing through the mold until the cavity is filled with the melt; (4) calculating a total volume of voids generated in the melt; (5) examining whether or not the total volume of voids is substantially zero; and (6) if the total volume of voids is not substantially zero, repeating the computations with at least one of the initial data modified until the total volume of voids becomes substantially zero.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for making an article, such as a cylinder head, having one or more hollow ceramic tubes, such as ceramic exhaust port liners, cast in-situ therein with reduced cracking or breakage of the ceramic tube from tensile and compressive stresses exerted on the ceramic tube during the casting process. The method involves forming a removable core in the ceramic tube of a core material having a thermal expansion coefficient not exceeding about 10 times that of the ceramic tube to minimize crack-causing differential thermal expansion-induced tensile stresses on the ceramic tube when molten metal is cast therearound, casting the molten metal about the cored ceramic tube in a mold cavity, stress relieving the cast article at an elevated temperature before the cast article cools to a lower temperature at which crack-causing differential thermal contraction-induced compressive stresses are exerted on the cast in-situ ceramic tube, and removing the core from the cast article.