Abstract: A method of treating the surface of substrates used in liquid crystal display cells so that the surface forces the alignment of the liquid crystal layer to be either parallel with the substrate wall or perpendicular to it. The method includes the step of forming free radicals of either oxygen or fluorine in a radio frequency plasma and exposing the glass or tin doped indium oxide (ITO) substrate to the reaction products of the plasma in such a manner that electron or ion bombardment is avoided. When oxygen radicals only are employed, the surface forces parallel alignment. When the oxygen treatment is followed by exposure to fluorine free radicals, the surface forces perpendicular alignment. To provide strong parallel alignment in reflecting liquid crystal display cells having metal, glass or ITO surfaces, the method consists of producing an oxygen plasma as described above and introducing either a volatile organo-silicon or an organo tin compound into the plasma.

Abstract: A beam addressed liquid crystal cell having an absorbing layer adapted to absorb energy in the infrared spectrum while transmitting substantial energy in the visible spectrum is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment the absorbing layer contains the reaction product of bis (dithiobenzil) nickel and a polyamide. This absorbing layer absorbs at least 90% of the gallium arsenide laser wavelengths and at the same time permits transmission in the visible spectrum to be of the order of 80%.