Abstract: A system and method for an improved material flow through an extrusion machine by altering the material properties in a magnetic field are provided. The electromagnetic extrusion system includes a ram that is moved into a chamber containing an extrusion material to force the extrusion material out of an opening defined, at least in part, by a die to create an extrusion with a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the predetermined shape of the opening. An electromagnetic winding of electrically conductive material is embedded within a tool retainer block surrounding the container and is helically wound about the chamber and carries a DC electrical current to generate a magnetic field having a magnetic flux density of at least 2 Tesla within the extrusion material to dissipate dislocation defect structures in the extrusion material being extruded via the magnetoplasticity effect. The magnetic field therefore provides for reduced flow stress on the tooling.

Abstract: A system and method for an improved material flow through an extrusion machine by altering the material properties in a magnetic field are provided. The electromagnetic extrusion system includes a ram that is moved into a chamber containing an extrusion material to force the extrusion material out of an opening defined, at least in part, by a die to create an extrusion with a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the predetermined shape of the opening. An electromagnetic winding of electrically conductive material is embedded within a tool retainer block surrounding the container and is helically wound about the chamber and carries a DC electrical current to generate a magnetic field having a magnetic flux density of at least 2 Tesla within the extrusion material to dissipate dislocation defect structures in the extrusion material being extruded via the magnetoplasticity effect. The magnetic field therefore provides for reduced flow stress on the tooling.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of carbon fiber from fiber precursor, wherein the fiber precursor is subjected to a magnetic field of at least 3 Tesla during a carbonization process. The carbonization process is generally conducted at a temperature of at least 400° C. and less than 2200° C., wherein, in particular embodiments, the carbonization process includes a low temperature carbonization step conducted at a temperature of at least or above 400° C. or 500° C. and less than or up to 1000° C., 1100° C., or 1200° C., followed by a high temperature carbonization step conducted at a temperature of at least or above 1200° C. In particular embodiments, particularly in the case of a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber precursor, the resulting carbon fiber may possess a minimum tensile strength of at least 600 ksi, a tensile modulus of at least 30 Msi, and an ultimate elongation of at least 1.5%.

Abstract: Particulate matter is dispersed in a fluid material. A sample including a first material in a fluid state and second material comprising particulate matter are placed into a chamber. The second material is spatially dispersed in the first material utilizing EMAT force. The dispersion process continues until spatial distribution of the second material enables the sample to meet a specified criterion. The chamber and/or the sample is electrically conductive. The EMAT force is generated by placing the chamber coaxially within an induction coil driven by an applied alternating current and placing the chamber and induction coil coaxially within a high field magnetic. The EMAT force is coupled to the sample without physical contact to the sample or to the chamber, by another physical object. Batch and continuous processing are utilized. The chamber may be folded within the bore of the magnet. Acoustic force frequency and/or temperature may be controlled.

Abstract: A high-gradient permanent magnet apparatus for capturing paramagnetic particles, the apparatus comprising: (i) at least two permanent magnets positioned with like poles facing each other; (ii) a ferromagnetic spacer separating the like poles; and (iii) a magnetizable porous filling material in close proximity to the at least two permanent magnets. Also described is a method for capturing paramagnetic particles in which a gas or liquid sample containing the paramagnetic particles is contacted with the high-gradient permanent magnet apparatus described above; wherein, during the contacting step, the gas or liquid sample contacts the magnetizable porous filling material of the high-gradient permanent magnet apparatus, and at least a portion of the paramagnetic particles in the gas or liquid sample is captured on the magnetizable porous filling material.

Abstract: A high-gradient permanent magnet apparatus for capturing paramagnetic particles, the apparatus comprising: (i) at least two permanent magnets positioned with like poles facing each other; (ii) a ferromagnetic spacer separating the like poles; and (iii) a magnetizable porous filling material in close proximity to the at least two permanent magnets. Also described is a method for capturing paramagnetic particles in which a gas or liquid sample containing the paramagnetic particles is contacted with the high-gradient permanent magnet apparatus described above; wherein, during the contacting step, the gas or liquid sample contacts the magnetizable porous filling material of the high-gradient permanent magnet apparatus, and at least a portion of the paramagnetic particles in the gas or liquid sample is captured on the magnetizable porous filling material.

Abstract: A method of making a single crystal comprises heating a material comprising magnetic anisotropy to a temperature T sufficient to form a melt of the material. A magnetic field of at least about 1 Tesla is applied to the melt at the temperature T, where a magnetic free energy difference ?Gm between different crystallographic axes is greater than a thermal energy kT. While applying the magnetic field, the melt is cooled at a rate of about 30° C./min or higher, and the melt solidifies to form a single crystal of the material.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of carbon fiber from fiber precursor, wherein the fiber precursor is subjected to a magnetic field of at least 3 Tesla during a carbonization process. The carbonization process is generally conducted at a temperature of at least 400° C. and less than 2200° C., wherein, in particular embodiments, the carbonization process includes a low temperature carbonization step conducted at a temperature of at least or above 400° C. or 500° C. and less than or up to 1000° C., 1100° C., or 1200° C., followed by a high temperature carbonization step conducted at a temperature of at least or above 1200° C. In particular embodiments, particularly in the case of a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber precursor, the resulting carbon fiber may possess a minimum tensile strength of at least 600 ksi, a tensile modulus of at least 30 Msi, and an ultimate elongation of at least 1.5%.

Abstract: Particulate matter is dispersed in a fluid material. A sample including a first material in a fluid state and second material comprising particulate matter are placed into a chamber. The second material is spatially dispersed in the first material utilizing EMAT force. The dispersion process continues until spatial distribution of the second material enables the sample to meet a specified criterion. The chamber and/or the sample is electrically conductive. The EMAT force is generated by placing the chamber coaxially within an induction coil driven by an applied alternating current and placing the chamber and induction coil coaxially within a high field magnetic. The EMAT force is coupled to the sample without physical contact to the sample or to the chamber, by another physical object. Batch and continuous processing are utilized. The chamber may be folded within the bore of the magnet. Acoustic force frequency and/or temperature may be controlled.