Abstract: A process (10) for extracting manganese from manganese-bearing ore includes roasting (12.2) a feed admixture of particulate manganese-bearing ore (26), comprising Mn and Fe, and ammonium sulphate (24) at a first temperature T1 to provide a sulphonated admixture comprising MnSO4(s) and FeSO4(s). The sulphonated admixture is roasted (12.3) at a second temperature T2, which is higher than the first temperature T1, to form a leachable admixture (30) comprising MnSO4(s) and Fe2O3(s). The MnSO4(s) is leached (16) in preference to the Fe2O3(s) from the leachable admixture (30) to provide a leachate (34, 38) rich in dissolved MnSO4.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a process for purifying a MnSO4 solution including precipitating impurities from the MnSO4 solution (i) in the presence of a stochiometric excess of fluoride anions, where said stochiometric excess of fluoride anions is calculated on the basis of the fluoride anions required to react with all Mg2+ and Ca2+ cations present in the MnSO4 solution as impurities to form CaF2 and MgF2, and (ii) in the presence of sulphide anions. The precipitation is effected at a pH higher than 4, producing a slurry or suspension comprising a purified MnSO4 solution as a carrier medium and a suspended precipitate which includes MnS, MnF2, CaF2 and MgF2. The slurry or suspension is separated into the purified MnSO4 solution and the precipitate, whereafter the precipitate is reacted with a SO4 salt other than MnSO4 in a solid-state reaction to produce recovered MnSO4 from the MnS and MnF2.

Abstract: A method of treating a metallic or metal-bearing material includes, in an oxidative or reductive digestion step, contacting the metallic or metal-bearing material with a reagent selected from ferric chloride (FeCl3), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and a combination thereof, thus producing a ferrous chloride (FeCl2) solution.

Abstract: A method of treating a hydrous ore material metal values includes a digestion step in which a solution of ferrous chloride (FeCl2) and a divalent chloride of the at least one other metal (M2+Cl2) is produced by contacting the hydrous ore material with gaseous hydrochloric acid. In a crystallisation step, crystallising a solid ferrous chloride hydrate (FeCl2·xH2O, wherein x>1) and a solid divalent chloride hydrate of the at least one other metal (M2+Cl2·zH2O, wherein z?1) from the solution. In a dehydration step, the FeCl2·xH2O and the M2+Cl2·zH2O are subjected to temperature treatment to produce FeCl2·yH2O, wherein x>y>0, and M2+Cl2·aH2O, wherein z>a?0. In a thermal decomposition step, the FeCl2·yH2O is 0 decomposed to produce anhydrous gaseous hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is used as the digestion reagent in the digestion step.

Abstract: A method for the production of iron from an iron oxide-containing material includes contacting an iron oxide-containing material with a particle size distribution range with a ?90 of less than 2 mm, with a carbon-containing material with a particle size distribution range with a ?90 of less than 6 mm, in a commercial scale reactor at a temperature of between 900° C. and 1200° C. for a contact time sufficient to reduce the iron oxide to iron.

Abstract: A method for the production of iron from an iron oxide-containing material includes contacting an iron oxide-containing material with a particle size distribution range with a ?90 of less than 2 mm, with a carbon-containing material with a particle size distribution range with a ?90 of less than 6 mm, in a commercial scale reactor at a temperature of between 900° C. and 1200° C. for a contact time sufficient to reduce the iron oxide to iron.

Abstract: A method for the production of iron from an iron oxide-containing material includes contacting an iron oxide-containing material with a particle size distribution range with a ?90 of less than 2 mm, with a carbon-containing material with a particle size distribution range with a ?90 of less than 6 mm, in a commercial scale reactor at a temperature of between 900° C. and 1200° C. for a contact time sufficient to reduce the iron oxide to iron.

Abstract: A method of producing titanium metal from a titanium-containing material includes the steps of producing a solution of M?TiF6 from the titanium-containing material, selectively precipitating M?2TiF6 from the solution by the addition of (M?)aXb and using the selectively precipitated M?2TiF6 to produce titanium. M? is a cation of the type which forms a hexafluorotitanate, M? is selected from ammonium and the alkali metal cations, X is an anion selected from halide, sulphate, nitrite, acetate and nitrate and a and b are 1 or 2.

Abstract: A method for the production of titanium trifluoride from a titanium-containing material, includes the steps of producing a fluoride solution of Ti(IV) from the titanium-containing material and reducing the Ti(IV) in the solution with a transition metal or an alloy of the transition metal. The transition metal is selected from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and zinc. An ammonium containing salt and either ammonia or ammonium fluoride are added to the resulting solution containing Ti(III) to produce a precipitate, and the precipitate is pyrolysed to produce titanium trifluoride.

Abstract: A method of producing titanium metal from a titanium-containing material includes the steps of producing a solution of M?TiF6 from the titanium-containing material, selectively precipitating M?2TiF6 from the solution by the addition of (M?)aXb and using the selectively precipitated M?2TiF6 to produce titanium. M? is a cation of the type which forms a hexafluorotitanate, M? is selected from ammonium and the alkali metal cations, X is an anion selected from halide, sulphate, nitrite, acetate and nitrate and a and b are 1 or 2.

Abstract: A method of producing titanium metal from a titanium-containing material includes the steps of producing a solution of M?TiF6 from the titanium-containing material, selectively precipitating M?2TiF6 from the solution by the addition of (M?)aXb and using the selectively precipitated M?2TiF6 to produce titanium. M? is a cation of the type which forms a hexafluorotitanate, M? is selected from ammonium and the alkali metal cations, X is an anion selected from halide, sulphate, nitrite, acetate and nitrate and a and b are 1 or 2.

Abstract: A method for the production of iron from an iron oxide-containing material includes contacting an iron oxide-containing material with a particle size distribution range with a ?90 of less than 2 mm, with a carbon-containing material with a particle size distribution range with a ?90 of less than 6 mm, in a commercial scale reactor at a temperature of between 900° C. and 1200° C. for a contact time sufficient to reduce the iron oxide to iron.

Abstract: A method of producing titanium metal from a titanium-containing material includes the steps of producing a solution of M?TiF6 from the titanium-containing material, selectively precipitating M?2TiF6 from the solution by the addition of (M?)aXb and using the selectively precipitated M?2TiF6 to produce titanium. M? is a cation of the type which forms a hexafluorotitanate, M? is selected from ammonium and the alkali metal cations, X is an anion selected from halide, sulphate, nitrite, acetate and nitrate and a and b are 1 or 2.