Abstract: The SEM according to the invention is arranged to detect scattered electrons transmitted by the specimen (22). The detector is constructed so as to have a flat detector surface (26) for a large angular range. In order to select a given angular range, a mask (24) with an eccentric opening (40) is arranged between the specimen and the detector surface and it is also arranged so as to be rotatable. An optimum angle relative to a given direction in the specimen can thus be selected for a given type of contrast. The mask is preferably displaceable in the specimen direction, the detector surface being subdivided into a plurality of parts (26a, 26b) and the assembly formed by the specimen and the detector surface is tiltable through an angle relative to the optical axis (4). A high degree of flexibility is thus achieved for the selection of the electrons to be detected which are scattered by the specimen, so that adjustments can be made so as to achieve an optimum contrast situation.

Abstract: In a method in which a top coating (2) on a relatively hard substrate (1) is patterned by means of a stream of kinetic particles while being masked by a mask (3), the substrate (1) is coated with a damping layer (4) of a ductile material before the top coating (2) is provided.

Abstract: A shaving apparatus has at least one cutting unit (3) comprising an external cutting member (4) and an internal cutting member (5) which is drivable relative thereto, which external cutting member (5) has a number of broad and narrow hair-entry apertures (7a, 7b) which are bounded by peripheral portions (12, 13) of the external cutting member. In order to enable both short and long hairs to be caught and severed effectively while irritation of the skin is avoided as far as possible, the peripheral portions (12, 13) bounding the hair-entry apertures (7a, 7b) have different thicknesses, the width (B1) of a hair-entry aperture (7a) between two thick peripheral portions (12) being greater than the width (B2) of a hair-entry aperture (7b) between two thin peripheral portions (13).

Abstract: After a plate or layer of non-metallic, particularly hard and brittle material has been provided with a (metal) mask having a plurality of apertures arranged in a pattern, it is exposed to at least one jet of abrasive powder particles, which jet is moved relative to the plate. The mask has its surface facing the surface on which the jet impinges secured to the plate or layer of non-metallic material by means of a layer of adhesive material having a thickness which is smaller than the size of the abrasive powder particles.

Abstract: In, for example a field emission display, the invention provides the possibility of combining a plurality of sub-substrates that are attached to a larger rear wall, because notably different modes of multiplexing provide a wider positioning tolerance of a sub-substrate with respect to the front plate. Moreover, the different multiplexing techniques lead to a smaller number of connections, even if no use is made of a rear wall supporting sub-substrates. A plurality of multiplexing techniques provides the possibility of activating a substantially equally large number of pixels of different colors during parts of an image period, so that there is substantially no color flicker.

Abstract: A flat-panel display device comprising a substrate, a patterned layer and an absorbing layer, the absorbing layer interposed between the substrate and the patterned layer, the patterned layer being formed of a material having a rate of erosion greater than the rate of erosion of the substrate under powder spraying, and the absorbing layer being of a material capable of absorbing the kinetic energy of particles comprising a powder spray.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a pattern of conductors on a polyimide base is disclosed. After the conductors have been formed in known manner, ridges of an insulating material are formed in the metal free zones by applying, exposing and developing a UV-sensitive resist. Subsequently, metal is deposited on the conductors between the ridges, which prevent short circuits.

Abstract: A picture display device having an evacuated envelope (1) comprises a first wall (2) which is provided with a display screen (3), and a second wall (5), and is provided with an internal vacuum support (11) between the two walls (2, 5). The internal vacuum support (11) comprises a dielectric plate at least at the side facing the first wall (2), which plate is arranged opposite the display screen (3) and is provided with cavities (12) at the location of the pixels (4R, 4B, 4G) of the display screen (3). The internal vacuum support (11) accommodates cavities (12) which constitute a lateral system of ducts. The continuous exhaust path of the internal vacuum support (11) communicates via the exhaust cavity (25) with an exhaust connection (9).

Abstract: A shaving apparatus is provided which has at least one cutting unit (3) comprising an external cutting member (4) and an internal cutting member (5) which is drivable relative thereto, which internal cutting member comprises at least one cutter rim (11), which external cutting member has at least one slot-shaped hair-entry aperture (15), a part of the cutter rim (11) constantly extending over an associated hair-entry aperture (15), and each point (A) of the cutter rim (11) performing a movement in accordance with a closed curve, the hair-entry aperture (15) being passed at least once when the closed curve is traversed one time. Preferably, both the cutter rim (11) and the slot-shaped hair-entry aperture (15) are circular and the movement of the cutter rim is an eccentric circular movement.

Abstract: After a plate or layer of non-metallic, particularly hard and brittle material has been provided with a (metal) mask having a plurality of apertures arranged in a pattern, it is exposed to at least one jet of abrasive powder particles, which jet is moved relative to the plate. The mask has its surface facing the surface on which the jet impinges secured to the plate or layer of non-metallic material by means of a layer of adhesive material having a thickness which is smaller than the size of the abrasive powder particles.

Abstract: By incorporating two-pole circuits (13) as switching elements in a picture display device based on field emission, the emission (and hence the picture intensity) is substantially defined by the charge of a capacitance (15) associated with a part of a pixel (8). Charge-controlled drive leads to a more accurate adjustment than the voltage-controlled drive used until now and leads to lower drive voltages, less power consumption and a longer lifetime of the phosphors used in the display device.

Abstract: In a flat display device, for example, a luminescent display a spacer structure (5) is provided between two substrates (1, 3). To this end a mask (9, 15) consisting, if necessary, of a plurality of layers is incorporated in a photosensitive material (8, 13). After exposure, development and removal of the mask, the desired spacer structure is obtained.

Abstract: In a flat display device, for example, a luminescent display a spacer structure (5) is provided between two substrates (1, 3). To this end a mask (9, 15) consisting, if necessary, of a plurality of layers is incorporated in a photosensitive material (8, 13). After exposure, development and removal of the mask, the desired spacer structure is obtained.

Abstract: The manufacture of pointed electrodes (28) (field emitters) is considerably simplified by a directed sputtering deposition instead of by vapor deposition. Directed deposition of the material (12) to be sputtered can be effected by means of a collimating filter (4) and, if necessary, a cover plate (8).