Abstract: In the case of a medical or dental treatment instrument for the treatment of body tissue or a substitute material, in particular by cutting, with an elongated handpiece which in its front end region comprises a retaining device with a plug-in hole, into which the tool with its tool shank is capable of being inserted and is capable of being locked by means of a locking part which is movably supported transversely in relation to the tool shank between a locking position in which it is set into a locking recess in the tool shank and a release position releasing the tool shank and is pressurised into its locking position by the force of a spring, an actuating member which is manually accessible from outside is provided which is movably supported on the retaining device and with which the locking part is capable of being displaced into its release position, the actuating member being displaceably supported transversely in relation to the tool shank.

Abstract: A optoelectronic circuit arrangement, for instance for thermal viewing equipment, comprises a plurality of independent photodetector elements, whose signals are combined by multiplexers. The multiplexer output is connected with the common input of a switched integrator, which applies integrated signals to an output switch device, steps being taken to ensure that the multiplexer is at all times electrically separated from the output of the output switch device. For this purpose the integrator has at least one channel with three electronic switching members which in a cyclic sequence perform the operations of "integration", "output of integral value to output" and "erase integral value".

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for infrared detectors, more especially for thermal viewing devices with photoresistors as detector elements is designed in order so as not to necessitate an input amplifier and an output amplifier for each detector. For this purpose the collector current of a transistor is integrated for a scan period in a capacitor and at the end of the scan period the capacitor is discharged through an electronic switch to a present potential.

Abstract: The present spectrometer features two modulators 11, 11' disposed one on either side of a dispersive member 19 which produces wavelength dependent deflections .alpha. of the various spectral components in the radiation. In other words the precise angle of deflection .alpha. is a function of wavelength. The dispersive element 19 is conveniently positioned between two lenses 26 which form a telecentric system with a magnification of one. The lens system is used to produce an image of the first modulator on the second modulator. Each of the modulators is preferably a grating with a linearly varying grating constant so that the modulators, which move in opposite directions f,f' at constant speed subject the incident radiation to a position dependent modulation. The radiation emerging from the second modulator 11' falls onto a photodetector 13.

Abstract: A mixture of substances is analyzed by spectral analysis to establish the concentration of one component of the mixture. For this purpose signals U.sub.1 (.lambda.) representative of the spectrum of the substance under investigation and U.sub.2 (.lambda.) representative of the spectrum of the mixture of substances are manipulated electronically so as to remove the effects of cross-sensitivity and to yield an accurate value for the concentration of the substance in the mixture of substances. This concentration is normally difficult to determine because of the effects of cross-sensitivity, i.e. because other components in the mixture of substances have similar spectral lines to those of the substance under investigation. In one arrangement the two signals U.sub.1 (.lambda.) and U.sub.2 (.lambda.) are first differentiated in respective differentiating stages 13 and 14 and the differentiated signals are multiplied in a multiplier 17.

Abstract: Spectral analysis of a beam of radiation is carried out by splitting the beam of radiation into its respective spectral components and by applying a characteristic modulation to each of the spectral components before allowing them to fall on a common detector. The super-imposed signals generated by the detector and representative of the spectral components are then electronically segregated by reference to the characteristic modulations that have been applied to the individual spectral components. This is conveniently done by generating a series of modulated reference signals which have been modulated in exactly the same way as the spectral components of interest. The technique is not restricted to optical spectra but can also be used, for example, for X-ray spectra and mass spectra.

Abstract: A light transmitter transmits a beam of light along a measurement path to a light receiver which receives the light beam either directly or via a retro-reflector. The light receiver forms electrical signals representative of the transmission or absorption along the measurement path. In an arrangement with separate light transmitter and receiver units these units are arranged in respective housings at each end of the measurement path. In an alternative arrangement in which the light transmitter and receiver are in a single unit a retro-reflector is positioned at the other end of the measurement path. In this alternative arrangement the light transmitter/receiver unit is embodied in one housing and the retro-reflector in a second housing. In either arrangement both housings are sealingly closed by at least one and preferably two windows which can be moved cyclically into and out of the light beam.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the speed of flow of a flowable medium by determining the transit time of sound waves therein wherein first and second sound transmitter/receivers in the form of electroacoustic converters are spaced apart in the medium with an imaginary line joining said first and second transmitter/receivers having a component in the direction of the flow to be measured and wherein sound pulses of predetermined length are alternately transmitted in a first direction from said first transmitter/receiver to said second transmitter/receiver and in a second direction opposite to said first direction from said second transmitter/receiver to said first transmitter/receiver said sound pulses being converted into electrical measurement pulses on arrival at said transmitter/receivers there being processing circuitry for processing electrical measurement pulses to determine the speed of flow from the transit times of the sound pulses in said first and second directions, said processing circuitry including mean

Abstract: The speed of a flowing medium is measured by determining the transit time of sound pulses transmitted alternately in opposite directions between first and second transmitter-receivers 23, 24 spaced apart in the direction of flow. A processing circuit 18, 19, 20 evaluates the speed of flow from the difference between the transit times in the two directions. The transit times in the two directions are measured by separate but identical first and second pulse circuits 11, 11'. Each pulse circuit includes a variable frequency generator 13 the frequency of which is so regulated by the transmitted pulse from the pulse generator 12 and the pulse E received from the associated transmitter-receiver that the reciprocal of its frequency is equal to the transit time in the associated direction. Delay circuitry 21 is able to delay the trigger pulse applied to the frequency generator 13 from the pulse generator 12 so as to take account of transit time errors in the apparatus.

Abstract: A device for securing a brake hose between the hose connection point located on the vehicle body and the hose connection point on the wheel brake assembly, at a part, such as the resilient strut, with which the brake assembly is connected in a motionally responsive manner. The hose is so laid as to compensate for changes in spacing between the hose connection points due to inspringing and/or steering movements.

Abstract: An optoelectronic coupler with a semiconductor transmitter and a semiconductor receiver has a transparent conductive screen formed of semiconductor material overlying the active area of at least one of the transmitter and receiver, in the path of optical radiation passing between the transmitter and receiver, and directly electrically connected to a semiconductor zone of the active area, to protect the coupler from changes in its electrical characteristics due to high intensity electric fields.

Abstract: An integrated semiconductor circuit arrangement includes active and passive function elements in a semiconductor body and a high frequency a.c. voltage is used as a supply voltage for the function elements. A highly doped semiconductor substrate of one conductivity type carries a weakly doped layer, for example, of the same conductivity which has zones of the opposite conductivity therein. The substrate functions as an emitter for a plurality of transistors of which the doped zones serve as bases. Spaced co-planar layer sections bridge the base zones and serve as collectors. The collectors are either metal layers or semiconductor layers and in either case are covered with an insulating layer which carries a conductive layer for connection to a high frequency supply.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement is disclosed for the transmission of electrical supply outputs for low power devices which must be electrically separated from the mains supply. The circuit arrangement has at least one opto-electronic coupler with which low power can be transmitted with complete electrical separation. Accordingly, mains transformers can be replaced in low power operations.

Abstract: The dynamic input impedance of a feedback current amplifier is varied such that a matching to the characteristic impedance of a line feeding the amplifier is achieved. An integrated negative feedback current amplifier has at least two amplifier stages and one inverse coupling branch from the amplifier input to the amplifier output. The active element of the last amplifier stage has a divided output circuit such that the output current is divided between the inverse coupling branch and the amplifier output. The input DC current is selected such that the dynamic amplifier input impedance is adjusted to the characteristic impedance of a line feeding the amplifier.

Abstract: An opto-electronic coupler for signal voltages of <1 V is provided in which the transmitter of the coupler is electrically separated from the receiver. In order to avoid a current supply device, there are provided two additional couplers connected in series and of opposite coupling direction to the first coupler. The additional couplers supply the necessary energy for a luminescent diode transmitter of the first coupler.

Abstract: An integrated circuit degenerative feedback current amplifier has at least two amplifier stages and a degenerative feedback branch connected from the amplifier input to the amplifier output. An active element of the last amplifier stage has its output circuit subdivided in such a way that a subdivision of the output current results whereby a first partial current is guided via the degenerative branch and a second partial current is guided into the amplifier output.