Abstract: A carrier for holding a substrate is described. The carrier includes a carrier body having a first surface, and an adhesive arrangement provided on the first surface. The carrier body includes one or more conduits configured for providing a gas into the adhesive arrangement. Further, a method for controlling a temperature of a substrate is described. The method includes providing a carrier as described herein; supplying a gas through the one or more conduits into the adhesive arrangement; and providing the gas to a backside of the substrate attached to the adhesive arrangement.

Abstract: A method for producing a ceramic layer on a surface formed from a Ni base alloy, includes the following steps: producing on the surface a ceramic layer containing ZrO2 as a main constituent; producing a gas phase having a temperature in the range from 400 to 900° C., in which a vapor formed from a salt melt with the components alkali chloride, alkali sulphate and ZnCl2 is contained in a carrier gas formed from an inert gas with an addition from 0.5 to 10% by weight HCl; and bringing the ceramic layer into contact with the gas phase for a period of time that is sufficient for an intermediate layer having a thickness of at least 0.1 ?m to form between the ceramic layer and the surface.

Abstract: The invention is a contour standard, which consists of a body having a rotationally symmetrical calibration region. The rotationally symmetrical calibration region encompasses a plurality of non-cylindrical axial sections, which can be concave, convex, by forming a predefined angle as radial projection or as radial depression. The calibration region has at least one measuring section, which runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body and which provides for axial calibration variables, as well as radial calibration variables. These calibration variables are compared with the sensed values to the calibration of a measuring instrument and the measuring instrument is adjusted based on the basis of the determined deviation. Due to the rotationally symmetrical calibration region, the contour standard is suitable both for the calibration of touch contour measuring instruments and also for the calibration of contour measuring instruments, which measure optically.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a ceramic layer (18) on a surface formed from a Ni base alloy (17), comprising the following steps: producing on the surface a ceramic layer (18) containing ZrO2 as a main constituent; producing a gas phase having a temperature in the range from 400 to 900° C., in which a vapour formed from a salt melt (8) with the components alkali chloride, alkali sulphate and ZnCl2 is contained in a carrier gas formed from an inert gas with an addition from 0.5 to 10% by weight HCl; and bringing the ceramic layer (18) into contact with the gas phase for a period of time that is sufficient for an intermediate layer (19) having a thickness of at least 0.1 ?m to form between the ceramic layer (18) and the surface.

Abstract: Process for the production of leather, wherein pelts, pickled pelts or semifinished products are treated with at least one copolymer (A) which is obtainable by copolymerization of the following comonomers: (a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated C3-C10-carboxylic acid or at least one ethylenically unsaturated C4-C10-dicarboxylic acid or its anhydride, (b) at least one (meth)acrylate of an ?-branched C3-C10-alkanol, (c) at least one (meth)acrylate of a primary C4-C20-alkanol.

Abstract: The invention is a contour standard, which consists of a body having a rotationally symmetrical calibration region. The rotationally symmetrical calibration region encompasses a plurality of non-cylindrical axial sections, which can be concave, convex, by forming a predefined angle as radial projection or as radial depression. The calibration region has at least one measuring section, which runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body and which provides for axial calibration variables, as well as radial calibration variables. These calibration variables are compared with the sensed values to the calibration of a measuring instrument and the measuring instrument is adjusted based on the basis of the determined deviation. Due to the rotationally symmetrical calibration region, the contour standard is suitable both for the calibration of touch contour measuring instruments and also for the calibration of contour measuring instruments, which measure optically.

Abstract: Process for the production of leather, wherein pelts, pickled pelts or semifinished products are treated with at least one copolymer (A) which is obtainable by copolymerization of the following comonomers: (a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated C3-C10-carboxylic acid or at least one ethylenically unsaturated C4-C10-dicarboxylic acid or its anhydride, (b) at least one (meth)acrylate of an ?-branched C3-C10-alkanol, (c) at least one (meth)acrylate of a primary C4-C20-alkanol.

Abstract: Process for the production of leather, wherein pelts, pickled pelts or semifinished products are treated with at least one copolymer (A) which is obtainable by copolymerization of the following comonomers: (a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated C3-C10-carboxylic acid or at least one ethylenically unsaturated C4-C10-dicarboxylic acid or its anhydride, (b) at least one (meth)acrylate of an ?-branched C3-C10-alkanol, (c) at least one (meth)acrylate of a primary C4-C20-alkanol.

Abstract: An epichlorohydrinamine polymer has a ratio of amine units to epichlorohydrin units of from 0.8:1.2 to 1.0:1.0, dimethylaminopropylamine and benzylamine preferably being used as amine and/or ammonium units. The novel epichlorohydrinamine polymer is used, for example, for the surface treatment of semifinished leather products and textile materials.

Abstract: An epichlorohydrinamine polymer has a ratio of amine units to epichlorohydrin units of from 0.8:1.2 to 1.0:1.0, dimethylaminopropylamine and benzylamine preferably being used as amine and/or ammonium units. The novel epichlorohydrinamine polymer is used, for example, for the surface treatment of semifinished leather products and textile materials.

Abstract: Fibrous substrates are treated with (a) at least one oligomer of branched or straight-chain C3-C10-alkene having an average molecular weight Mn of up to 1200 g/mol, (b) at least one emulsifier which is obtainable by copolymerization of (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydride, derived from at least one dicarboxylic acid of 4 to 8 carbon atoms, (B) at least one oligomer of branched or straight-chain C3-C10-alkene, at least one oligomer having an average molecular weight Mn of up to 1200 g/mol, (C) at least one ?-olefin of up to 16 carbon atoms and (D) optionally at least one ethylenically unsaturated comonomer, and optionally reaction with (E) at least one compound of the formula I a, I b, I c or I d and, if appropriate, subsequent contact with water, where, in formulae I a to I d, A1 are identical or different C2-C20-alkylene, R1 is linear or branched C1-C30-alkyl, phenyl or hydrogen, and n is an integer from 1 to 200.

Abstract: The present invention relates to copolymers prepared by copolymerization in at least two stages, wherein, in one stage (A) at least one (co)polymer is prepared from a monomer or a mixture of comonomers comprising (a1) from 80 to 100% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, (a2) from 0 to 20% by weight of at least one C1-C22-alkyl ester of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, (a3) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one further ethylenically unsaturated compound, data in % by weight being based on the total amount of comonomers of the relevant stage, and the (co)polymer thus obtained is reacted in a subsequent stage (B) with a further comonomer or a further mixture of comonomers comprising (b1) from 0 to 30% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, (b2) from 70 to 100% by weight of at least one C1-C22-alkyl ester of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, (b3) from 0 to 10% by weight of at least one further ethy

Abstract: Tanning agents can be prepared by reacting at least one aldehyde of formula I, with at least one further identical or different aldehyde of formula I, where Z is a single chemical bond, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12-alkylene, unsubstituted or substituted C5-C12-cycloalkylene or unsubstituted or substituted C6-C14-arylene, the reaction being carried out in the presence of an acidic catalyst and in the presence of at least one further carbonyl compound of formula II where R1 to R4, independently of one another, are hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C12-alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C3-C12-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C7-C13-aralkyl or unsubstituted or substituted C6-C14-aryl, with the proviso that, where Z is a single chemical bond or a radical without a-hydrogen atoms, at least one further aldehyde of the formula I, in which Z contains ?-hydrogen atoms, or at least one further carbonyl compound of formula II is present.

Abstract: A light source comprising a heatable filament (1) or an electrode, wherein the filament (1) or the electrode is arranged in a lamp (2) or in a tube. In order to use the light source in a wide variety of manners even in rough conditions, the filament (1) or the electrode is provided at least partially with a mechanical stabilization system. The invention also relates to a method for mechanical stabilization of the filament (1) or electrode of a light source, wherein stabilization is produced by exposing the filament (1) or electrode to a short pulsed gas pressure increase, involving a rare gas, during heating. Stabilization may also be produced by a coating or deposition (4).

Abstract: An incandescent lamp having a carbide containing luminous element, uses a wire for the luminous element that is coated on the outside with at least two different high melting metal compounds from at least one of the groups of carbides, borides and nitrides. The luminous element reaches a temperature of at least 3000° K during operation.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of leather comprises the following process steps: (a) Application of at least one cationic or amphoteric aqueous treatment composition to leather by roll coating and/or roll application and/or spray application, and subsequently (b) treatment of the leather with an anionic leather treatment composition in a drum.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions of copolymers are obtainable by free radical copolymerization of (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydride, derived from at least one dicarboxylic acid of 4 to 8 carbon atoms, (B) at least one oligomer of branched or straight-chain C3-C10-alkene, at least one oligomer having an average molecular weight Mn of from 300 to 5 000 g/mol or being obtainable by oligomerization of at least 3 equivalents of C3-C10-alkene, (C) optionally at least one ethylenically unsaturated comonomer differing from (A), and optionally reaction with (D) at least one compound of the formula I a or I b and subsequent addition of water, where, in formulae I a and I b, A1 are identical or different C2-C20-alkylene, R1 is linear or branched C1-C30-alkyl, phenyl or hydrogen, and n is an integer from 1 to 200, the water content being from 30 to 99.5% by weight, based on aqueous dispersion.

Abstract: Leathers are produced by a process wherein pelts, pickled pelts or semifinished products are treated with at least one polymer which is obtainable by copolymerizing (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid of 3 to 8 carbon atoms or at least one anhydride derived from a mono- or dicarboxylic acid of 3 to 8 carbon atoms, (B) at least one vinylaromatic compound, (C) at least one alkoxylated unsaturated ether of the formula I (D) optionally further monoethylenically unsaturated monomers, where, in formula 1, the variables are defined as follows: R1, R2 and R3 are identical or different and are selected from C1-C4-alkyl and hydrogen; R4 and R5 are in each case identical or different and are selected from C1-C4-alkyl and hydrogen; R6 is selected from hydrogen, SO3M, PO3M2, C1-C30-alkyl, CO—H (formyl), CO—C1-C20-alkyl and CO—C6-C14-aryl, M is an alkali metal or NH4+ or CH3, n is an integer from 3 to 100 and y is an integer from 0 to 10.

Abstract: A method for producing powders that consist of substantially spherical particles from a material such as glass, ceramics or plastic that produces a highly viscous melt that solidifies at a glass transition temperature Tg or at a solidification temperature Ts. The inventive method comprises the following steps: (a) producing a melt of a viscosity ? in the range of from 0.1 to 100 Ns/m2; (b) atomizing the melt using a first gas, the first gas having a temperature TA?Tg or ?0.5Ts at the outlet of the nozzle and (c) cooling off the particles produced by atomization in a cooling section downstream of the nozzle using a coolant, the temperature of the coolant being smaller than Ts or Tg.

Abstract: In a process for the production of leather, pelts, pickled pelts or semifinished products are treated with at least one polymer which is obtainable by copolymerization of at least one ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydride (A), derived from at least one dicarboxylic acid of 4 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one vinylaromatic compound (B) and optionally at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer (C) which differs from (A) and has a hetero atom, reaction with at least one compound (D) of the formula Ia or Ib at least 0.55 equivalent, based on (A), of (D) being used, and optionally hydrolysis with water or aqueous alkaline solution, where, in formulae Ia and Ib, the variables are defined as follows: A1 are identical or different and are C2-C6-alkylene R1 is linear or branched C1-C20-alkyl, and n is an integer from 6 to 200.