Abstract: The present document relates to a system for providing energy services in an energy grid using a cloud environment. The system comprises at least one control entity adapted to receive information from at least one of a plurality of energy grid elements and to operate the energy grid elements based on operational policies. One or more control interfaces are coupled with the energy grid elements. The control interfaces are adapted to transmit information provided by an energy grid element to a control entity and/or the control interfaces are adapted to receive information from the control entity to operate the energy grid element based on the information. The at least one control entity comprises a plurality of software modules which are hosted in the cloud environment, and the operational policies are stored in storage entities of the cloud environment to operate the energy grid elements according to the operational policies.

Abstract: The present document relates to a system for providing energy services in an energy grid using a cloud environment. The system comprises at least one control entity adapted to receive information from at least one of a plurality of energy grid elements and to operate the energy grid elements based on operational policies. One or more control interfaces are coupled with the energy grid elements. The control interfaces are adapted to transmit information provided by an energy grid element to a control entity and/or the control interfaces are adapted to receive information from the control entity to operate the energy grid element based on the information. The at least one control entity comprises a plurality of software modules which are hosted in the cloud environment, and the operational policies are stored in storage entities of the cloud environment to operate the energy grid elements according to the operational policies.

Abstract: The invention has for its object to provide a monitoring unit, particularly for optical burst mode signals in asynchronous optical networks based on, e.g., Internet or ATM (ATM=asynchronous transfer mode). The monitoring unit for burst mode signals comprises a detector for performing a Q-factor measurement in dependence on at least one variable and at least one fixed amplitude threshold value and on at lest one variable and at least one fixed phase value. This detector contains a burst mode amplitude detector for generating a fixed amplitude threshold value for each burst, a burst mode clock recovery circuit for generating a fixed phase value for each burst, a burst detector for detecting the beginning of each burst, and a control logic for generating a variable amplitude threshold value and a variable phase value for each burst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a universal switching centre for switching data streams, comprising a multiplicity of inputs, a multiplicity of outputs, and a switching network comprising a multiplicity of inputs, which are respectively connected, via an input unit, to one input out of the multiplicity of inputs of the universal switching centre, and a multiplicity of outputs, which are respectively connected, via an output unit, to one output out of the multiplicity of outputs of the universal switching centre, and having the switching network constructed as a synchronous time-division multiplex switching network, each input unit having means for adding to the data stream, prior to its distribution to time slots, information which, following the division of the data stream into data subpackets, enables these data subpackets to route themselves through the switching network, as well as to a switching centre, a method for executing a switching task, an input unit, an output unit and a connecting unit.

Abstract: The invention has for its object to provide a monitoring unit, particularly for optical burst mode signals in asynchronous optical networks based on, e.g., Internet or ATM (ATM=asynchronous transfer mode). The monitoring unit for burst mode signals comprises a detector for performing a Q-factor measurement in dependence on at least one variable and at least one fixed amplitude threshold value and on at lest one variable and at least one fixed phase value. This detector contains a burst mode amplitude detector for generating a fixed amplitude threshold value for each burst, a burst mode clock recovery circuit for generating a fixed phase value for each burst, a burst detector for detecting the beginning of each burst, and a control logic for generating a variable amplitude threshold value and a variable phase value for each burst.

Abstract: A multistage switching facility for optical signals where time conversions are only used in the last stage while only space and frequency conversions are used in the other stages. The last stage contains space, time and frequency position converters resulting in a facility in which no signal overtaking is possible when multiple routing is provided in the switching facility.

Abstract: Prior Art/Technical Problem: During the establishment of a call through a switching network 20, the path is selected on the basis of the instantaneous loading of the switching network and maintained during the call. The problem of eliminating local blocking by rearranging existing connections has not been satisfactorily solved because of errors occurring during the rearranging process.Basic Idea: Provide in an ATM exchange operating with virtual connections the same devices which assure the correct order of the cells in the "connectionless" mode.Solution: Each output of the switching network is followed by an output unit 30 which ensures that the cells are output in the correct order.Advantage(s): Virtual connections can be adapted to the instantaneous loading of the switching network error-free at any time. The assurance of the correct order can be implemented so as to largely compensate for delay jitter.

Abstract: A switching device for being connected to switch optical input signals received on a plurality of optical input signal lines into optical output signals on a plurality of optical output signal lines; each device has a time slot interchanger or a wavelength converter in combination with a space-division switching stage for freely exchanging signals on different lines, wherein, according to the invention, such a switching device has multiple stages, including both a time slot interchanger stage and a wavelength converter stage in combination with two space-division switching stages and wherein between every two of the space-division switching stages a time slot interchanging or wavelength converting stage is inserted; the time slot interchanger stages may alternate with wavelength converter stages with a space-division switching network stage in between.

Abstract: A switching element with a plurality of operating modes, in particular for switching asynchronous time-division multiplexed packets, comprises inputs, outputs, a selective retransmission device for retransmitting a packet received on one input to one or more outputs on the basis of routing data associated with the packet, and a retransmission control device determining the mode of operation of the retransmission device. The retransmission control device comprises a direct routing device adapted to receive from the label of a packet received on one input a destination indication and to decode it into an output identifier corresponding to one output at least in order to retransmit the packet to an output designated by the identifier.

Abstract: In practice, switching is a continuously changing mixture of point-to-point connections, point-to-multipoint connections with low fanout, and point-to-multipoint connections with high fanout. The switching elements of a switch optimized for point-to-point connections are additionally enabled to copy a few input signals for an arbitrary number of outputs, so that a very large number of copies is attainable for few input signals. This switch is supplemented by a copy switch which serves exclusively to make limited numbers of copies for a large number of input signals, which are then switched in the (group) switch as point-to-point connections. Point-to-point connections are operated as connectionless connections, but outside the switch act as virtual connections. Point-to-multipoint connections are operated as virtual connections (connection-oriented) by means of connection tables.

Abstract: To be able to load an ATM switching network as efficiently as possible, the successive cells of one and the same connection are routed to the output by as many different paths as possible; however, mutual overtaking of successive cells must be avoided or corrected. Each cell is held at the output until it is certain that no older cell can be buffered in the switching network. Before the cell is passed on, a check is made to determine whether the cells received from the switching network later include an older cell which must be passed on before that cell. At the input end, consecutive numbers ("Sequence Numbers") are allocated to the cells. A buffer (1) at the output end is operated, at least in part (1 . . . d), in the manner of a shift register, thereby introducing a predetermined delay. Prior to the output of a cell, at least the shift-register-like portion of the buffer is examined as to whether a cell written in later is to be put out earlier: if so, the two cells are interchanged.

Abstract: Fixed numbers of packets are combined into frames within the switching facility, and all packets are divided into subpackets of equal length and distributed to subframes. Switching takes place on the basis of subframes using synchronous time-division multiplexing. The amount of storage space needed in the switching network is reduced in the ratio of frames:subframes. The buffers are those which are necessary for synchronous TDM switching anyhow.