Abstract: A policy change management scheme for network resource management through dynamic policy adaptations especially suitable for DiffServ-enabled MPLS networks is presented. The scheme incorporates automated resource adaptation capabilities to assure QoS for user traffic and to promote resource utilization in DiffServ-enabled MPLS networks. A suite of resource management policies, an ordered set of methods for adjusting policies, and interfaces to a companion policy-based network management system are provided. The policies are periodically adjusted based on predictive bandwidth estimation algorithms ensuring optimal resource allocation to individual service classes and enabling adjustment of resources for handling current traffic and traffic expected for the near future.

Abstract: An etching apparatus using a neutral beam includes an electron emission unit to convert an ion beam, extracted from plasma by a plurality of grids, into a neutral beam by colliding the ion beam with electrons to prevent the ion beam from physically colliding with the electron emission unit, thus preventing the damage to a neutralization unit and generation of foreign substances with a simple structure. Further, the etching apparatus converts the ion beam into the neutral beam at a high neutralizing efficiency without causing directionality and energy losses, and generates a neutral beam having a large area, thus uniformly etching a semiconductor wafer.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for provisioning a network by identifying the classes of traffic to be transported in the network as well as the QoS criteria of the identified classes of traffic. By simulating the classes of traffic, one or more QoS mechanisms and their associated parameters may be determined. The statistical multiplexing gains of the classes of traffic may also be determined based on the simulation. Then, one or more resources in the network may be allocated based on the QoS mechanisms and parameters as well as the multiplexing gains.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for provisioning a network by identifying the classes of traffic to be transported in the network as well as the QoS criteria of the identified classes of traffic. By simulating the classes of traffic, one or more QoS mechanisms and their associated parameters may be determined. The statistical multiplexing gains of the classes of traffic may also be determined based on the simulation. Then, one or more resources in the network may be allocated based on the QoS mechanisms and parameters as well as the multiplexing gains.

Abstract: An automotive suspension-locking device mounted to a shock absorber having a cylinder and a piston rod, the suspension-locking device includes a brake band provided around the piston rod of the shock absorber for locking and unlocking the shock absorber, structure for controlling the brake band, the control structure being connected to both end portions of the brake band, and an actuator connected to the control structure by a piston rod thereof for actuating the control structure.