Abstract: A process is described for covering a photovoltaic surface comprising the steps of providing a graphic representation and a photovoltaic surface, making a graphic grid (1) composed of an empty area (B) and a filled area (D), associating the graphic representation to the graphic grid (1) to obtain a perforated graphic representation according to the areas (B, D), and at least partially covering the photovoltaic surface with the graphic representation through the graphic grid (1). A photovoltaic surface made through this process is further described.

Abstract: A ground power supply line for electric traction vehicles is provided with two conductors carried by a series of tiles aligned to one another; each tile has a conductive plate and a lower supporting structure, which is made of insulating material and accommodates electric connectors, normally open switches, and a control and command unit, which switches the switches for selectively electrically connecting the conductive plate to the conductors in response to a signal deriving from an electric traction vehicle passing over said external conductive plate; the upper surface of the conductive plates is flushed with the remaining part of a road surface.

Abstract: A ground power supply line for electric traction vehicles is provided with two conductors carried by a series of tiles aligned to one another; each tile has a conductive plate and a lower supporting structure, which is made of insulating material and accommodates electric connectors, normally open switches, and a control and command unit, which switches the switches for selectively electrically connecting the conductive plate to the conductors in response to a signal deriving from an electric traction vehicle passing over said external conductive plate; the upper surface of the conductive plates is flushed with the remaining part of a road surface.

Abstract: A ground power supply line for electric traction vehicles is provided with two conductors carried by a series of tiles aligned to one another; each tile has a conductive plate and a lower supporting structure, which is made of insulating material and accommodates electric connectors, normally open switches, and a control and command unit, which switches the switches for selectively electrically connecting the conductive plate to the conductors in response to a signal deriving from an electric traction vehicle passing over said external conductive plate; the upper surface of the conductive plates is flushed with the remaining part of a road surface.

Abstract: The system comprises: an electrical generator which can be driven by the motor vehicle's engine, a first storage battery which is connected to the generator by means of a power line and is intended to be connected to the normal user devices; and a second battery or auxiliary battery which is connected to the power line and is intended to be connected to the priority user devices. The second battery is connected to the power line by means of a controlled unidirectional dc/dc converter which can permit the transfer of energy solely from the line to the second battery, and with which is associated an electronic control system which is arranged to estimate the charge state of the second battery in accordance with predetermined procedures, and to control the dc/dc converter in a manner such as to regulate the supply of electrical energy from the power line to the second battery so that the estimated charge state of the second battery tends towards a predetermined reference value.

Abstract: The electrical apparatus comprises a rigid casing which has a multipole electrical connector and in which are housed: an auxiliary storage battery to be connected to the priority loads by means of the connector, a controlled unidirectional DC/DC converter to be connected to the auxiliary battery and, via the connector, to the electrical-energy generating apparatus of the motor vehicle for the recharging of the auxiliary battery, electrical switches suitable for controlling the connections between the DC/DC converter and the auxiliary battery and, via the connector, the generating apparatus, and an electronic control unit associated with the DC/DC converter and arranged for: controlling the electrical switches in a manner such as to enable the DC/DC converter to be connected to the generating apparatus and to the auxiliary battery in predetermined operative conditions, then estimating the charge state of the auxiliary battery and driving the DC/DC converter in a manner such as to regulate the supply of electri

Abstract: A circuit device is described for controlling the piloting voltage applied to the solenoid of an electromagnet associated with an electric starter motor of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle. This control device comprises: a voltage generator operable selectively to provide a first predetermined reference voltage corresponding to a desired speed of displacement of the movable core coupled to the solenoid, and a second reference voltage of lower value than the first; a sensor operable to provide a signal indicative of the current flowing in the solenoid; an amplifier having a variable gain with its input connected to this sensor; and a summing device with first and second inputs connected to the generator and the output of the amplifier respectively, and having an output connected to the solenoid.

Abstract: The control device comprises a piloting circuit for the electroactuators and a timing circuit which generates timing signals supplied to the piloting circuit for control of the electroactuators. The piloting circuit has a first and a second input terminal which are connected in use respectively to a first and a second terminal of an electrical energy source, and a plurality of pairs of output terminals, one for each electroactuator; each pair of output terminals comprising a first and a second output terminal, between which a respective electroactuator is connected in use. The piloting circuit comprises a plurality of control circuits, one for each electroactuator, which receive as input the timing signals and are activated selectively by the timing signals themselves.

Abstract: A control device for a coupling electromagnet in particular for a starter motor for a motor vehicle, operable to regulate the speed of engagement of the pinion of the ring gear in such a way as to avoid stresses wear and noise due to excessive speed of engagement in the initial phase of the starting operation. The device operates in a closed loop with a feedback signal generated by an estimator.

Abstract: The control device has a drive circuit, in turn having a number of modular circuits--one for each inductor--activated selectively and receiving timing signals, and a common circuit connected to the modular circuits and cooperating with the activated modular circuit to supply the respective inductor. Each modular circuit has a first controlled switch connected between a first input terminal and a respective first output terminal, and a second controlled switch connected between the respective first output terminal and a storage capacitor; and the common circuit has a third controlled switch connected between the storage capacitor and a respective second output terminal, and cooperating with the second controlled switch to selectively transfer energy between the storage capacitor and the respective inductor.