Abstract: An electroforming free memristor (100) includes a first electrode (102), a second electrode (104) spaced from the first electrode, and a switching layer (110) positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The switching layer is formed of a matrix of a switching material (112) and reactive particles (114) configured to react with the switching material during a fabrication process of the memristor to form one or more conductance channels 120 in the switching layer.

Abstract: Circuitry is provided that closely emulates biological neural responses. Two astable multivibrator circuits (AMCs), each including a negative differential resistance device, are coupled in series-circuit relationship. Each AMC is characterized by a distinct voltage-dependant time constant. The circuitry exhibits oscillations in electrical current when subjected to a voltage equal to or greater than a threshold value. Various oscillating waveforms can be produced in accordance with voltages applied to the circuitry.