Abstract: Aluminum and aluminum alloys are protected from corrosion by immersion in an alkaline lithium or alkaline magnesium salt solution. Immersion in the salt solution causes the formation of a protective film on the surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy which includes hydrotalcite compounds. A post film formation heat treatment significantly improves the corrosion resistance of the protective film.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for electrochemically disinfecting or treating contaminated aqueous liquids by contact disinfection and/or the generation of a biocidally active chemical agent in the liquid being treated. Rapid polarization of reactor electrodes after polarity reversal and out-of-phase operation of paired reactors can be employed to promote efficient disinfection, reduce the bulk of the apparatus, and protect the reactor electrodes against damage.

Abstract: An electrode, which comprises an electrically conductive current collector, and a working surface containing a multiplicity of conductive islands in a non-conducting matrix wherein the majority of said islands are in electrically conductive contact with said current collector wherein the average size of said conductive islands and the average spacing between said conductive islands are of the same order of magnitude as the diffusion layer of the solution intended to be treated when said electrode is immersed into said solution.

Abstract: An electrode, which comprises an electrically conductive current collector, and a working surface containing a multiplicity of conductive islands in a non-conducting matrix wherein the majority of said islands are in electrically conductive contact with said current collector wherein the average size of said conductive islands and the average spacing between said conductive islands are of the same order of magnitude as the diffusion layer of the solution intended to be treated when said electrode is immersed into said solution.

Abstract: The presence of microorganisms in a sample is determined by culturing micrganisms in a growth medium which is in contact with a measuring electrode and a reference electrode and detecting the change in potential between the electrodes which arises by the migration and accumulation of said microorganisms adjacent the surface of the measuring electrodes thus forming a charge-charge interaction between said measuring electrode and accumulated microorganisms, by measuring the potential change with a high impedance potentiometer.

Abstract: An apparatus for electrolytically disinfecting an object which comprisesan electrolytic cell containing at least one pair of electrodes, said electrodes being positioned within said cell such that when said cell receives an electrolyte containing solution therein, said electrodes will be at least partially immersed in said solution,an electrically conductive substrate having means for holding said object to be disinfected, said electrically conductive substrate being of sufficient size so as to be capable of being immersed into the solution, when said cell receives said solution, between said electrodes, and wherein said substrate functions as a bipolar electrode when a potential is impressed across said electrodes, and wherein said holding means is capable of holding the object to be disinfected completely submerged in said solution, and between said electrodes.

Abstract: The presence of microorganisms in a sample is determined by culturing microorganisms in a growth medium which is in contact with a measuring electrode and a reference electrode and detecting the change in potential between the electrodes which arises by the migration and accumulation of said microorganisms adjacent the surface of the measuring electrode thus forming a charge-charge interaction between said measuring electrode and accumulated microorganisms, by measuring the potential change with a high impedance potentiometer.

Abstract: Dental restorations are prepared by preparing a cavity within a carious tooth for receiving a dental amalgam filling;Coating the surfaces of the cavity with a layer of an adhesive-metal lining composition, the metal of the composition being characterized by the capability of being amalgamated by diffusion of the mercury from a subsequently applied dental amalgam filling, and which is further characterized by a corrosion resistance which is higher than the corrosion resistance of the subsequently applied dental amalgam filling; and packing the remaining adhesive-metal coated cavity with Ag-Hg-Sn dental amalgam, whereby free mercury present in the amalgam is diffused into, and amalgamates with the metal of the adhesive-metal lining coating, so as to form an integral restoration of the dental amalgam and the coating, and the adhesive effectively promotes bonding between the integral restoration and the cavity surfaces.

Abstract: The presence of microorganisms in a sample is determined by culturing microorganisms in a growth medium which is in contact with a measuring electrode and a reference electrode and detecting a change in potential between the electrodes caused by the presence of the microorganisms in the medium with a high impedance potentiometer.

Abstract: Aluminum and aluminum alloys are protected from corrosion by immersion in an alkaline lithium or alkaline magnesium salt solution. Immersion in the salt solution causes the formation of a protective film on the surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy which includes hydrotalcite compounds. A post film formation heat treatment significantly improves the corrosion resistance of the protective film.