Abstract: The invention comprises a motorised toilet seat assembly allowing for the raising and lowering of the lid (102) or seat (101) in relation to user requests or automatic sensing (110). A remote control device (200) with touch switches or sensors (201) can be provided, which can communicate with control apparatus by wired or wireless communication. Alternatively, or additionally, sensors mounted on the various components of the toilet can effect certain operations automatically, including raising or lowering the seat lid, flushing of the toilet, and the operation of auxiliary devices such as sanitary sprays, occupancy indicators, or emergency call systems. Described are embodiments which can be retrofitted to existing toilet seat assemblies as well as ready to install embodiments.

Abstract: Non-magnetic metallic spacers are welded into the auxiliary air gaps of a voltage stator using welding passes arranged in a predetermined sequence. The presence of the spacers stabilizes the auxiliary air gap against change in light load adjustment. Sequences of welding passes are disclosed effective for holding inherent light load error at nominal values, or biasing it positively or negatively.