Abstract: An apparatus is provided for producing methanol from organic material, characterized in that the apparatus includes an anaerobic digestion arrangement for receiving the organic material and for anaerobically-digesting the organic material in oxygen-depleted conditions to generate methane gas; and a chemical reaction arrangement for reacting the methane gas with water vapour and carbon dioxide in a stoichiometric condition (Eq. 4) between methane steam reforming and methane dry reforming to generate methanol. The apparatus is operable to support a stoichiometric reaction as follows: CO2+3CH4+2H2O=4CH3OH??Eq. 4 The chemical reaction arrangement is operable to provide the stoichiometric condition (Eq. 4) at a first stage for steam reforming at a pressure in a range of 10 Bar to 30 Bar, and at a temperature in a range of 750° C. to 950° C.; and at a second stage of methanol synthesis at a pressure in a range of 50 Bar to 100 Bar, and at a temperature in a range of 200° C. to 250° C.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for producing methanol from organic material, wherein the apparatus includes: (i) an anaerobic digestion arrangement for receiving the organic material and for anaerobically-digesting the organic material in oxygen-depleted conditions to generate an anaerobic digestion gas (AD gas) comprising at least methane, and carbon dioxide; (ii) a pressure swing absorption (PSA) arrangement for the removal of excess carbon dioxide; (iii) a chemical reaction arrangement for reacting the methane gas with water vapour and carbon dioxide in a stoichiometric condition of the reaction, CO2+3CH4+2H2O=4CH3OH, between methane steam reforming and methane dry reforming to generate a synthesis gas, and converting the synthesis gas to methanol; and (iv) an recovery arrangement for recovering unreacted methane and feeding the recovered unreacted methane into the exit stream from the anaerobic digestion arrangement.

Abstract: An improved system and method for producing methanol product. The system and the method of the present disclosure uses a gas feed arrangement for providing a methane rich gas feed and an apparatus for converting the methane rich gas feed into the methanol product. The apparatus includes an auto-thermal reforming arrangement for converting one or more gaseous components present in the methane rich gas feed. The auto-thermal reforming arrangement is configured to partially oxidise the methane rich gas feed to maintain the auto-thermal reforming arrangement at a working temperature when in operation. Also, the auto-thermal reforming arrangement employs electrical power generated from an energy source, preferably a renewable energy source, to provide additional heating in the auto-thermal reforming arrangement for maintaining the working temperature when in operation.

Abstract: A reaction apparatus for producing polyethylene glycol dinitrate (PEGDN) in a continuous manner includes a series of reaction cells spatially disposed in one or more planar structures and a separation arrangement for separating PEGDN and Ammonium Nitrate, in a continuous manner. The separation arrangement is a thin film evaporator and/or falling film evaporator. The plurality of reaction cells includes a feed preparation section having feedstreams for continuously providing an acid composition and a glycol composition to reaction cells. The plurality of reaction cells further includes a nitration section, where the acid composition and the glycol composition react to generate a reaction composition, and a quench and neutralization section, having feed for cooling arrangement and a plurality of feeds for providing an alkaline composition to at least partially neutralize reaction composition. The acid composition includes a mixture of dilute nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing polyethylene glycol dinitrate. The apparatus includes providing continuously an acid composition and a glycol composition to a reaction apparatus; reacting the acid composition and the glycol composition in the reaction apparatus in a continuous manner to generate a reaction composition; using an alkaline composition to at least partially neutralize the reaction composition to cause at least a portion of the polyethylene glycol dinitrate to deposit from a solution of the reaction composition; and extracting the deposit of polyethylene glycol dinitrate.

Abstract: A method of increasing efficiency of a combustion system, which runs with alcohol fuels, by injecting a controlled quantity of a fuel additive. The method includes using one of a single injector tip for pre-mixed alcohol fuel and fuel additive or individual injector tips for the alcohol fuel and the fuel additive. The fuel additive includes a mixture of organic compounds of which at least one organic compound includes at least one nitrate molecular group. The method further includes injecting the pre-mixed alcohol fuel and fuel additive or the alcohol fuel and the fuel additive individually into one or more combustion chambers of the engine block. The method also includes controlling a quantity of the fuel additive by a control arrangement associated with a temperature sensor, and controlling a flow-rate of the alcohol fuel by a power control adapted to controller an output power from the engine block.

Abstract: A fuel for use in internal combustion engines, wherein the fuel includes a mixture of at least one alcohol, water, urea and/or Ammonium Nitrate. The water is included in a quantity which renders the Ammonium Nitrate and/or urea dissolved in the at least one alcohol. The at least one alcohol is methanol included in a concentration having a range of 90-97 weight %. The Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 0.5-10 weight %; more optionally, the Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 1-5 weight %. Further, the urea is included in a concentration having a range of 1-10 weight %.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing polyethylene glycol dinitrate. The apparatus includes providing continuously an acid composition and a glycol composition to a reaction apparatus; reacting the acid composition and the glycol composition in the reaction apparatus in a continuous manner to generate a reaction composition; using an alkaline composition to at least partially neutralize the reaction composition to cause at least a portion of the polyethylene glycol dinitrate to deposit from a solution of the reaction composition; and extracting the deposit of polyethylene glycol dinitrate.

Abstract: An enhanced fuel, a method of producing such enhanced fuel, and method of using such enhanced fuel for operating internal combustion engine. The fuel includes a mixture of at least one alcohol, water and ammonium nitrate (AN) as a cetane enhancer. The water is included in a quantity which renders the ammonium nitrate dissolved in the at least one alcohol. The fuel further contains dimethylether as an ignition-improver additive, at least one lubricity agent and at least one anti-corrosion agent.

Abstract: In an image recording process, a radiation sensitive film comprising a photo-reducible compound is exposed to radiation and subsequently is contacted with a fixing agent capable of being reduced by the reduction product of the photo-reducible compound, with the production of an insoluble coloured material.