Abstract: A method for specifying equivalence of language grammars and automatically translating sentences in one language to sentences in another language in a computer environment. The method uses a unified grammar specification of grammars of different languages in a single unified representation of all the individual grammars where equivalent production rules of each of the grammars are merged into a single unified production rule. This method can be used to represent the equivalence of computer languages like high level language, assembly language and machine language and for translating sentences in any of these languages to another language.

Abstract: A method of implementing fixed-width data types which are not directly supported by a programming language, in a portable manner. A set U of required fixed-width data types, an ordered set B of basic data types and a set V with all possible data type widths are provided as inputs (201). A generic data type G having an integer parameter and a data type parameter is created (202). For every data type width WVj from set V and basic data type Bi from set B a specialized data type G is created (203). Then, each required data type Uk from set U of required data types is implemented by creating and mapping required data type Uk to the implementation of Uk provided by the generic data type G11 having the parameters data type width WB1 and basic data type B1 (204).