Abstract: Methods for the prevention or mitigation of fouling in amine-treating systems comprising providing circulating aqueous amine solution and a hydrocarbon stream comprising at least one acid gas; and interacting the circulating aqueous amine solution with the hydrocarbon stream comprising the at least one acid gas to remove the acid gas from the hydrocarbon stream and entrain the acid gas into the aqueous amine solution. The circulating aqueous amine solution comprises entrained acid gas comprises foulant precursors; and polysulfide ions are introduced to react with the foulant precursors to decrease the rate of fouling within the circulating aqueous amine solution.

Abstract: A method of improving the evaporation from surface bodies of water which comprises artificially inducing air flow over a body of water using air jets at an air flow rate of at least 10 m/second while the water partial pressure of air at the surface temperature of the body of water (Pbs) is greater than the water partial pressure of the ambient air at the surface temperature of the body of water (Pas). The rate of evaporation can be materially enhanced by the transfer of geothermal heat from the lower region of the body of water to the surface region by means of a heat exchanger or a heat pipe.

Abstract: A method of improving the evaporation from surface bodies of water which comprises artificially inducing air flow over a body of water using air jets at an air flow rate of at least 10 m/second while the water partial pressure of air at the surface temperature of the body of water (Pbs) is greater than the water partial pressure of the ambient air at the surface temperature of the body of water (Pas). The rate of evaporation can be materially enhanced by the transfer of geothermal heat from the lower region of the body of water to the surface region by means of a heat exchanger or a heat pipe.

Abstract: Basic components, including nitrogenous compounds, which lead to fouling in the overhead of petroleum refinery processing units, especially the crude unit, are removed by adsorbing the basic compounds on an adsorbent with acidic functionality. Suitable adsorbents include acidic functioning zeolites, ion-exchange resins and acidic amorphous solids such as alumina and solid acids such as solid phosphoric acid, tungstic acid and similarly functioning materials. The removal is typically affected by contacting a reflux stream from the distillation or other unit with a bed of the adsorbent.

Abstract: A method for the reduction of corrosion in a treatment unit acid used for separating hydrogen sulfide from and acid gas stream using an alkaline absorption solution. Ions comprising the S2? and/or HS? ions formed by the absorption of the hydrogen sulfide in the absorbent solution are subjected to in situ electrochemical oxidization to form polysulfide ions which form a protective coating on the surfaces of the unit.

Abstract: A method for the reduction of corrosion in a treatment unit acid used for separating hydrogen sulfide from and acid gas stream using an alkaline absorption solution. Ions comprising the S2? and/or HS? ions formed by the absorption of the hydrogen sulfide in the absorbent solution are subjected to in situ electrochemical oxidization to form polysulfide ions which form a protective coating on the surfaces of the unit.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for the in situ generation of polysulfide ions in a process stream including S2? and/or HS? ions. Methods and systems are also provided to ameliorate corrosion in a process stream containing an acid gas or a scrubbing agent solvent, and abate mercury and cyanide in process streams containing a scrubbing agent solvent.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for the in situ generation of polysulfide ions in a process stream including S2? and/or HS? ions. Methods and systems are also provided to ameliorate corrosion in a process stream containing an acid gas or a scrubbing agent solvent, and abate mercury and cyanide in process streams containing a scrubbing agent solvent.

Abstract: Detecting erosion of refractory thermal insulation or a ceramic shield over a wide area is achieved by monitoring an electrical property of at least one wide area, planar, electrically conductive grid through which a current flows. The grid is located in or under the insulation or shield, with the grid plane and parallel to its hot or impact face, preferably over at least two square feet. When erosion erodes part of the grid, the electrical property changes and indicates that erosion has reached the grid.

Abstract: Detecting erosion of refractory thermal insulation or a ceramic shield over a wide area is achieved by monitoring the gas pressure in at least one wide area planar grid, in or under the insulation or shield and parallel to its hot or impact face. The plane of the grid follows that of the hot or impact face of the shield. The grid is fabricated from one or more hollow conduits in fluid communication and a single fluid conduit connects it to a pressure detector. Using a plurality of grids at different distances from the hot or impact face enables monitoring erosion over time. This enables wide area coverage as much or more than eight square feet in, e.g., a coker, without unduly impairing the integrity of the vessel wall and eliminates the danger of sparks associated with electrical means.