Abstract: There is disclosed a low calorie fat substitute comprising a sorbitol fatty acid ester with a degree of substitution of about five fatty acid groups. Foodstuffs containing the sorbitol ester are also disclosed. Processes for preparing the sorbitol fatty acid esters are also disclosed.

Abstract: There is disclosed a low calorie fat substitute comprising a sorbitol fatty acid ester with a degree of substitution of about four fatty acid groups. Foodstuffs containing the sorbitol tetraester are also disclosed.

Abstract: Aqueous gel-forming compositions are prepared by reacting for 1-10 hours at 50.degree.-95.degree. C., melamine, formaldehyde and a sulfurous acid salt with the optional addition of a gel-modifying agent and/or a gelling agent which is added to the composition immediately prior to use.

Abstract: Aqueous gel-forming compositions are prepared by reacting for 1-10 hours at 50.degree.-95.degree. C., melamine, formaldehyde and a sulfurous acid salt with the optional addition of a gel-modifying agent and/or a gelling agent which is added to the composition immediately prior to use.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon recovery from subterranean reservoirs that are penetrated by either injector or producer wells is enhanced by selective permeability modification of the strata of the reservoir with gel-forming phenolic compositions. The injection of the phenolic composition follows a pH sequence specific to the reservoir environment which allows emplacement of the gel-forming composition the desired distance away from the wellbore and production of a uniform gel throughout the treated hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir. The permeability of a treated subterranean reservoir can be restored by treatment of the reservoir with either aqueous hypochlorite or mineral acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a thieno-imidazole derivative, particularly descarboxybiotin, a useful intermediate for the preparation of d-biotin, which comprises reacting a thio-substituted intermediate, for example descarboxythiobiotin, with an epoxy compound in an alkanol solvent; and a process for the preparation of said intermediate by reacting a substituted imidazothiazole alcohol with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: A series of novel water-soluble sulfonated indoxyl derivatives have been prepared, including their base salts with pharmacologically acceptable cations. These particular compounds are useful as food dyes or as cosmetic colorants. 2,2'-(1,4-phenylenedimethylidyne)-bis(2,3-dihydro-3-oxo-1H-indole-5-sulfon ic acid) represents a typical and preferred member compound. Methods for preparing these compounds are provided.

Abstract: Compositions of nitrite preserved food, emulsified preparations, breakfast cereal or food premixes and erythorbyl or ascorbyl laurate or erythorbyl caprate show substantial inhibition of potentially harmful or objectionable degradation arising from N-nitrosamine formation or oxidation.

Abstract: Preparing ortho-substituted anilines by reacting an N-chloroaniline with a non-carbonylic di-hydrocarbon sulfide to form an azasulfonium chloride, reacting the azasulfonium chloride with a strong base to form an aniline substituted in the 2-position with a hydrocarbon-S-hydrocarbyl thio-ether group. The ortho-substituted thio-ether compounds can be reduced with a de-sulfurizing reducing agent such as Raney nickel or the like to form the orthoalkylated aniline. The analine may be an amino-pyridine. The azasulfonium salt and thio-ether intermediate products can be isolated and recovered. If desired, the thio-ether compounds can be reduced to form ortho-alkylated aniline products which are useful as intermediates for a wide variety of purposes, including their uses in making dyes, herbicides, and the like.

Abstract: Preparing ortho-substituted anilines by reacting an N-chloroaniline with a non-carbonylic di-hydrocarbon sulfide to form an azasulfonium chloride, reacting the azasulfonium chloride with a strong base to form an aniline substituted in the 2-position with a hydrocarbon-S-hydrocarbyl thio-ether group. The ortho-substituted thio-ether compounds can be reduced with a de-sulfurizing reducing agent such as Raney nickel or the like to form the ortho-alkylated aniline. The aniline may be an amino-pyridine. The azasulfonium salt and thio-ether intermediate products can be isolated and recovered. If desired, the thio-ether compounds can be reduced to form ortho-alkylated aniline products which are useful as intermediates for a wide variety of purposes, including their uses in making dyes, herbicides, and the like.

Abstract: Preparing azasulfonium halide salt derivatives of an aniline by reacting a halogen with a non-carbonylic dihydrocarbon sulfide, a beta-carbonylic hydrocarbon sulfide, or a .beta.-thio ester or amide to form a halogen: sulfur compound complex and then reacting the complex with an aniline to form the azasulfonium halide salts. The azasulfonium halide salts are useful as intermediates in processes for making ortho-alkylated anilines, indoles, and 2-oxindoles which have a variety of known uses.

Abstract: Preparing azasulfonium halide salt derivatives of an aniline by reacting a halogen with a non-carbonylic dihydrocarbon sulfide, a beta-carbonylic hydrocarbon sulfide, or a .beta.-thio ester or amide to form a halogen: sulfur compound complex and then reacting the complex with an aniline to form the azasulfonium halide salts. The azasulfonium halide salts are useful as intermediates in processes for making ortho-alkylated anilines, indoles, and 2-oxindoles which have a variety of known uses.