Abstract: Embodiments of a nozzle reactor of the type useable to inject a first material feed stock and a second material feed stock to cause interaction between the first material feed stock and second material feed stock are described herein. According to one embodiment, the nozzle reactor includes a reactor body having a reactor body passage with an injection end and an ejection end. The nozzle reactor also includes a first material injector having a first material injection passage and being mounted in the nozzle reactor in material injecting communication with the injection end of the reactor body. The first material injection passage can have an enlarged volume injection section, an enlarged volume ejection section, and a reduced volume mid-section intermediate the enlarged volume injection section and the enlarged volume ejection section. The first material injection passage can also have a material injection end and a material ejection end in injecting communication with the reactor body passage.

Abstract: Embodiments of a nozzle reactor of the type useable to inject a first material feed stock and a second material feed stock to cause interaction between the first material feed stock and second material feed stock are described herein. According to one embodiment, the nozzle reactor includes a reactor body having a reactor body passage with an injection end and an ejection end. The nozzle reactor also includes a first material injector having a first material injection passage and being mounted in the nozzle reactor in material injecting communication with the injection end of the reactor body. The first material injection passage can have an enlarged volume injection section, an enlarged volume ejection section, and a reduced volume mid-section intermediate the enlarged volume injection section and the enlarged volume ejection section. The first material injection passage can also have a material injection end and a material ejection end in injecting communication with the reactor body passage.

Abstract: Embodiments of a nozzle reactor of the type useable to inject a first material feed stock and a second material feed stock to cause interaction between the first material feed stock and second material feed stock are described herein. According to one embodiment, the nozzle reactor includes a reactor body having a reactor body passage with an injection end and an ejection end. The nozzle reactor also includes a first material injector having a first material injection passage and being mounted in the nozzle reactor in material injecting communication with the injection end of the reactor body. The first material injection passage can have an enlarged volume injection section, an enlarged volume ejection section, and a reduced volume mid-section intermediate the enlarged volume injection section and the enlarged volume ejection section. The first material injection passage can also have a material injection end and a material ejection end in injecting communication with the reactor body passage.

Abstract: Sulfur-containing coal is combusted in a cyclone furnace under strongly reducing conditions with a sulfur fixing agent such as lime to produce a basic slag containing the ash and sulfur content of the coal and a product gas of high combustible content which may be burned as a fuel gas in a steam generator or otherwise to yield an exhaust gas which does not require scrubbing.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for drying coal, particularly sub-bituminous coal in a packed bed configuration, wherein coal is ventilated by an oxygen-containing gas so that there is a heated zone wherein autogenous drying occurs. In particular, counter current ventilation is used to accomplish preheating, drying and evaporative cooling in three contiguous subzones. The process for drying provides for regulating the movement of coal and the flow of incoming air so as to achieve by exothermic oxidation a temperature not greater than 250.degree. F.

Abstract: A dual valve plug stem actuator device for plug or globe type valves is disclosed wherein said actuator mechanisms provide respectively coarse and fine independent movement of the valve plug stem. One actuating device controls the movement in the axial direction of the valve plug stem relative to and onto a valve seat port by the rotational movement of the threaded valve plug stem through the internal threads of an internally and externally threaded actuator nut. The other of the actuating devices controls the movement of the valve plug stem relative to and onto a valve seat port through the rotation of the internally and externally threaded valve actuator nut where rotation of the actuator nut causes movement in the axial direction of said actuator nut in relation to the stationary valve body and where the axial displacement of the actuator nut causes the same relative axial rotationless displacement of the valve plug.

Abstract: A method is provided for extracting at least one of the trivalent ions Fe and Al from an acid solution. The method comprises uniformly mixing the acid solution with a liquid organic extractant comprising an organophosphorus compound and an alkylaromatic sulfonic acid dissolved in a water-immiscible organic solvent, the extractant being selective to the solvent extraction of said trivalent ions under acidic conditions. The molar ratio of the sulfonic acid to the organophosphorus compound is controlled over a range of about 1:4 to 10:1 and the mixing carried out for a time sufficient to effect solvent extraction of said trivalent ions and provide a raffinate substantially impoverished in said trivalent ions and a loaded extractant containing said trivalent ions, following which the loaded extractant is separated from the raffinate.

Abstract: A method for efficiently precipitating nickel sulfide from an acidic nickel sulfate solution having a pH between 1.5 and 4, containing about 1 to 40 gpl nickel, optionally containing cobalt, and containing sufficient inert soluble sulfate salt to buffer the solution during the precipitation of nickel sulfide at relatively low temperature and pressure.

Abstract: Nickel values contained in oxidic ores are recovered by leaching with sulfuric acid. The ore is slurried with water, preheated to a leaching temperature between about 230.degree. C and about 300.degree. C and the preheated slurry is fed to one or more vigorously agitated autoclaves, operating continuously in series. Sulfuric acid is added incrementally to the preheated slurry to minimize the amount of iron and aluminum in solution until between about 0.15 part and about 0.8 part of acid per part of dry ore is added to the slurry, thereby minimizing the deposition of scale in the autoclaves.