Abstract: A flash storage comprises a flash memory, including a plurality of physical memory blocks, each of physical memory blocks comprising a plurality of memory segments, and a plurality of physical sectors, and each of physical sectors being further provided therein with at least a user data column and a logical address pointer column. When physical data is written into the user data column, writing logical address pointer data into the logical address pointer column of the same physical sector may be performed together by the control of a micro-controller. Furthermore, the logical address pointer data in the same memory segment are arranged to be a backup memory segment address mapping table and then stored in one physical memory block. The backup memory segment address mapping table may be loaded directly and stored into a registered memory by the micro-controller when the system boots.

Abstract: A flash storage comprises a flash memory, including a plurality of physical memory blocks, each of physical memory blocks comprising a plurality of memory segments, and a plurality of physical sectors, and each of physical sectors being further provided therein with at least a user data column and a logical address pointer column. When physical data is written into the user data column, writing logical address pointer data into the logical address pointer column of the same physical sector may be performed together by the control of a micro-controller. Furthermore, the logical address pointer data in the same memory segment are arranged to be a backup memory segment address mapping table and then stored in one physical memory block. The backup memory segment address mapping table may be loaded directly and stored into a registered memory by the micro-controller when the system boots.

Abstract: A single mode state machine for recovering the Universal Serial Bus (USB) clock from the USB. The claimed state machine running at 4X speed includes only five states and generates a 1X speed clock. When transmitting, the claimed invention acts as a divide-by-four counter and divides the 4X clock into a 1X clock to be used by control logic (for example, a Serial Interface Engine). When receiving, the same state group acts as a divide-by-four counter with the received data's status being continuously monitored to reset the state machine to an original state to dynamically adjust the duty cycle of the receiving clock. The exact selection of transition path is determined by the logical AND of a phase change within the data and a signal indicating whether the state machine is currently transmitting or receiving.